asrgbf（A大）经典回复汇总
因为太傻被黑事件，导致许多帖子不见了，包括许多题目讨论帖子，许多A大经典回复也不见了，甚为可惜。特发此贴，找回asrgbf大大在7月18到12月1日之间的经典回帖
A大大请勿见怪:loveliness:
大家如果对其中某些题目的解释还是有疑问，请单独开贴询问，谢谢大家:loveliness:
[[i] 本帖最后由 m12345678912345 于 2008-12-19 14:12 编辑 [/i]]
逻辑 - 蓝皮书【上】- GMAT精选练习题（结论题）- 1（第266页）
Parasitic wasps lay their eggs directly into the eggs of various host insects in exactly the right numbers for any suitable size of host egg. If they laid too many eggs in a host egg, the developing wasp larvae would compete with each other to the death for nutrients and space. If too few eggs were laid, portions of the host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae.Which of the following conclusions can properly be drawn from the information above?
(A) The size of the smallest host egg that a wasp could theoretically parasitize can be determined from the wasp's egg-laying behavior.
(B) Host insects lack any effective defenses against the form of predation practiced by parasitic wasps.
(C) Parasitic wasps learn from experience how many eggs to lay into the eggs of different host species.
(D) Failure to lay enough eggs would lead to the death of the developing wasp larvae more quickly than would laying too many eggs.
(E) Parasitic wasps use visual clues to calculate the size of a host egg.
题干的意思是：寄生黄蜂根据寄主昆虫的卵的大小，将合适数量的卵直接产在众多寄主昆虫的卵里。如果黄蜂在一个寄主卵中产卵过多，黄蜂幼虫会因为营养和空间不够而产生竞争导致死亡。而如果黄蜂产卵太少，寄主卵会部分腐烂而令黄蜂幼虫死亡。
我理解（A）选项的意思是黄蜂卵能够寄生的最小的寄主卵的大小可以根据黄蜂产卵的行为从理论上推算出来。
我理解（C）选项的意思是寄生黄蜂从经验中学习应该产多少卵于不同种类的寄主卵中。
由于题干并没有提到最小的寄主卵和黄蜂的产卵行为，我不明白为什么（A）选项正确，而（C）选项错误。在我看来（C）选项似乎更象正确答案，唯一可能有问题的就是那个 different host species 了。抑或我对题干和选项的理解有错？
[quote]
这题也是很差的。
C 不对是因为 experience 这个词。题干完全没有提到黄蜂这种产卵行为是从经验那里学到的。（一般常识都说动物行为大多是本能而不是经验。）
但是 A 也不是什么好答案。确实，看黄蜂在不同种类的昆虫的卵里下多少卵，就可以知道寄主卵体积与寄生卵数量的比率。但这个比率是不是线性的，却是十分令人怀疑。出题者可能想，看到有寄主的卵里面只有一个寄生卵，就可以知道这是最小的了。但是这个推论不妥。也可能有更小的卵，只不过黄蜂为了某种原因不产在这些卵里面。various host insects 不是说众多的寄主昆虫，而是不同的寄主昆虫。有多少题干没有说明。所以不能肯定的有这两个致命伤：到底有没有某种昆虫的卵，黄蜂只在里面产一个卵？第二，就算有这样的卵，有没有其他更小的卵可以支撑寄生幼虫？
总之这是很坏的题目。
[/quote]
【xy09】gwd-v-12newQ3: D NN帮忙解释下为什么选这个呀？
Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse.A. instead its own weight would cause a star to collapse
B. instead a star would have collapsed under its own weight
C. a star would have to be collapsing under its own weight
D. a star would collapse under its own weight
E. its own weight would have caused a star’s collapse
[quote]
首先，前分句是 subjunctive mood 的，所以动词提前了。分句的主语是 it，所以后分句一开头的必须是 it 所指代的。还有，这样的 subjunctive mood 句子，后分句是直接连上来的，不用什么连词、副词。所以就只有 C、D 可以选。
C 不对，因为 would have to be collapsing 太迂回曲折。所以选 D。
[/quote]
xy09-Q14
B 这题我就不懂了，我以前做过类似的题明明是选C呀，不是 A is three times the length of B 吗？In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929 almost twice the numbers of tucks alone came off the assembly lines.
A. the numbers of tucks alone
B. that number of trucks alone
C. the number of trucks by themselves
D. as many trucks themselves
E. as many trucks by themselves
[quote]
C by themselves 不是这样用的。这里就是要用 alone。
twice the number 是用单数的，这与 two times 不同。twice 就是 two times，那个复数已经包含在 twice 里面了，所以 two 的不是 number。
[/quote]
麻烦再解释一下行吗？这个如果我把选项改成 twice the number of trucks alone 那答案是不是对的呢？twice the number 是用单数的 这句话是什么意思呀?
[quote]
twice the number of trucks 语法没有错，但在这句里不够好，因为后面有个 alone，表示与前面的内容有比较。twice that number of trucks alone 明指 a total of 469,000，而 twice the number alone 则有点不够肯定是指什么数。
[/quote]
哦，法师的意思是这个that特指前面的46900吗？
[quote]
正是这样。
[/quote]
蓝皮书语法
Oberlin College in Ohio was a renegade institution at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept both men and women as students.A. at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept
B. for the decision at its 1833 founding to accept
C. when it was founded in 1833 for its decision to accept
D. in deciding at its founding in 1833 to accept
E. by deciding at its founding in 1833 on the acceptance
这题不会~不知道从何入手
[quote]
这题出得很不好，没有一个满意的选择。
A 似乎是答案，但是 for deciding to accept 不太顺。如果是我写就会是这样的：at its 1833 founding because of its decision to accept。
B 也是 for the decision 不好，与上面接得不好。这纯粹是语感问题。
C 和 A 差不多，不过 for its decision to accept 在这里更不顺，还是要用 because of。
D 好像说 Oberlin College 到现在还是 renegade。
E 非常不流畅。
[/quote] 我当然不会见怪。有人代劳我才开心呢！
我前几天回答问题，搜索了几个话题，结果点进去才发现都没有了。现在你们能够找出来就实在帮了我一个大忙。
[[i] 本帖最后由 Asrgbf 于 2008-12-10 07:14 编辑 [/i]]
蓝皮书语法
After the colonial period's 50 percent mortality rate, life expectancy improved for children, but as late as the nineteenth century about one child in three died before reaching the age of six.我选了A
正确选项C Although life expectancy for children improved after the colonial period, during which the mortality rate was 50 percent,
我觉得C是两个从句~没有主语阿~
[quote]
C 怎么没有主语？Although 分句得主语是 life expectancy for children，主分句得主语是 about one child in three。
A 不妥是因为 After the colonial period's 50 percent mortality rate 表达得不好。死物用 's 是很不妥当得。还有，after 的应该是时间（the colonial period）而不应该是 mortality rate。
[/quote]
蓝皮书语法题
Even though the state has spent ten years and seven million dollars planning a reservoir along the Obi River, the project will have to be abandoned as a result of the river becoming so heavily polluted.A. will have to be abandoned as a result of the river becoming so heavily polluted
我选的B. is to be abandoned on account of the heavy pollution which the river received
正确选项E. must be abandoned because the river has become so heavily polluted
未划线部分用了完成时~说明已经计划了，不是应该用现在时表示现在被污染了吗？而且E选项随意添加了must
[quote]
B 不对因为 is to be abandoned 不对，不用 must 就要用 will。还有，the heavy pollution which the river received 错得离谱。首先要用 that 而不是用 which。其次就是 received 用词不当。整个分句都是非常不地道，不贴切，是很坏的英文。
E 用 must 不是随意添加。你们不要总是说什么什么是题目没有的。这些虚词是可以变动的。不能变的是实际的资料，不是语法上面的变动。
最重要的，你们被老师教错了。不要说“完成时”，这是错误的。Present perfect 的意思就是在过去到现在这个时段里面进行的动作。可以完成了，也可以没有完成。
还有，前面分句的时态与后面的没有必然关系。planning 归 planning，与河流污染有什么关系？河流可以在 planning 时已经污染了，到现在变得更加污染。因为到现在还是 heavily polluted，所以用 present perfect tense 是非常正确的。
[/quote]
OG逻辑116
The Pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be develop unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly develop drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary. ( B is correct)Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the Pharmaceutical industry 's argument against the challenge made above?
A: No industries other than the Pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20- years limit on patent protection.
B: Clinical trials of new drugs which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often new takes as long as 10 years to complete.
C: There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the Pharmaceutical industry .
D: An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent Pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drug, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
E: Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products---for example, in the computer and electronics industries----for which patent protection is often very ineffective.
说实话这题真是看不懂。没有明显词引导的结论。不知道怎么做！
[quote]
116 要明白美国专利权的背景。在药物方面，专利权是二十年。新药从发明到上市是一个很昂贵与费时的过程。首先要做研究，实验种种物质，看哪种对某症有效。然后就要用至少五年的时间去实验，看是否真的有效，同时要看有没有不良的副作用。因此政 府让制药商有二十年的专利，在这期间如果没有制药商的许可，别的公司就不能制造这种药物。所以制药商在这二十年内没有竞争，可以漫天要价。
题干就是讲这件事情。
[/quote]
逻辑蓝皮书60
60. Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development. They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. That plan is ill-conceived: if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable. But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.In the argument as a whole, the two boldface proportions play which of the following roles?
C. The first presents a goal that the argument concludes can be attained; the second is a judgment disputing that conclusion.
D. The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy.
E. The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.
答案是D, 不理解,我选了C, 还有E是什么意思,有点晕...
[quote]
D 不理解哪方面？
C 不对因为 disputing that conclusion 就是说开头一句的那个目标不能达到。开头那句的目标是 to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development。作者说 these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable 的时候，并不是说目标达不到，而是说所用的方法不对。然后作者提出另外一个可行的方法。
E 不对是因为 these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable 是作者的判断，不是客观的事实。但 E 后面说的是：presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed。作者并不是说要改变农人如果还可以牟利就不买田地的情况，而是要利用这个情况来推行另外一个方法去达到目标。
[/quote]
逻辑蓝皮书67
67. Lists of hospitals have been compiled showing which hospitals have patient death rates exceeding the national average. The data have been adjusted to allow for differences in the ages of patients.Each of the following, if true, provides a good logical ground for hospitals to object to interpreting rank on these lists as one of the indices of the quality of hospital care EXCEPT:
A. Rank order might indicate insignificant differences, rather than large differences, in numbers of patient deaths.
C. Patients who are very old on admission to a hospital are less likely than younger patients to survive the same types of illness or surgical procedures.
答案是C,我选了A. 题目说要统计医院的病人死亡率,做了个排序.然后题目问医院可以反驳这个排序,认为这和医院本身的护理质量无关, 除了哪个不能反映?
偶后来想了想选C的理由是不是因为The data have been adjusted to allow for differences in the ages of patients.这句话?所以年龄的比较是不能说明问题的,但是A为什么能够说明问题啊,我觉得A似乎和问题没有什么关系的说~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[quote]
67. 是的，C 不是可以用来反对这种排名的理由，因为在计算死亡率的时候，已经按照病人岁数来调整结果了。
A 是可以用来反对这种排名的。例如甲医院的死亡率是10.01%，乙医院的病人死亡率是 10.02%，这两家医院的死亡率其实没有分别，但是甲医院却排名在乙之上。这当然是非常误导人的。
[/quote]
GWD-18-Q29
The contractor and the engineer agree on the cause of the bridge failure, but both blame the other.A. both blame the other
B. each blames the other
C. each blame the other person
D. both are blaming the other
E. each blames one another
答案选的是B,我选的是A，题目中明明是两个人，难道不该选both的么
[quote]
你这是用中文来想英文。英文的惯例是在这种情况里面用 each 而不是用 both 的。用 both 不是不可以，但是没有 each 那么地道和准确，因为是每个人各自去怪另一个。
要多看书。
[/quote]
GWD-18-Q11
In no other historical sighting did Halley’s comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910-1911.A. did its return in 1910-1911
B. had its 1910-1911 return
C. in its return of 1910-1911
D. its return of 1910-1911 did
E. its return in 1910-1911
这题正选是A，我在解题的时候就觉得很困惑了，难道是要和前面的倒装结构保持平行？？？
[quote]
因为是 as，所以前后要形式一致。（希望你忘记了有“平行”这个词。）
[/quote]
语法 - 蓝皮书【中】- GMAT语法练习题精选 PART 2 - 38题（第298页）
Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build a modern industrial system. A) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help buildB) Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War and used it to help in building
C) Japan used the huge sums of capital it received from the United States after the Second World War to help build
D) Japan's huge sums of capital received from the United States after the Second World War were used to help it in building
E) Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, Japan used it to help build
在做题时，我在选项 B) 和选项 C）之间犹豫，最后没有选 C）的原因是看那个 ... help build 不顺眼，觉得 help 后面不应该直接接动词（原形），所以后来错选了 B）。B) 选项错误的原因是 ... help in building 用法不对吗？
[quote]
to help in building 不对在于 to help 后面要跟直接宾语，不然就是跟一个动词的 infinitive。to help in building 就是没有这样的组合。这只是词汇搭配的惯例，没有什么理由的。
[/quote]
逻辑 - 蓝皮书【上】- GMAT精选练习题（削弱题）- 8（第275页）
On the basis of a decrease in the college-age population, many colleges now anticipate increasingly smaller freshman classes each year. Surprised by a 40 percent increase in qualified applicants over the previous year, however, administrators at Nice College now plan to hire more faculty for courses taken by all freshmen. Which of the following statements about Nice College's current qualified applicants, if true, would strongly suggest that the administrators' plan is flawed?(A) A substantially higher percentage than usual plan to study for advanced degrees after graduation from college.
(B) According to their applications, their level of participation in extracurricular activities and varsity sports is unusually high.
(C) According to their applications, none of them lives in a foreign country.
(D) A substantially lower percentage than usual rate Nice College as their first choice among the colleges to which they are applying.
(E) A substantially lower percentage than usual list mathematics as their intended major.
这道题的标准答案是（D）。
我理解题干的意思是：基于适龄学生的数量在减少的事实，许多学校预期增加小班教学。然而去年申请 Nice College 学校的学生却增加了40%，所以 Nice College 的管理人员计划招更多的师资力量来教新生。
问题问哪个选项对管理人员的计划进行了削弱。
如果（D）选项的意思是：跟往年相比，今年的学生申请学校时把 Nice College 作为第一志愿申请的比率充分地低，我不明白为什么它是在削弱 administrators at Nice College 的计划。是不是指很多学生可能最终会选择其它学校，而导致真正入读 Nice College 的学生人数很低？
[quote]
Subtantially lower 不是“充分地低”，而是“低很多”。
D 正确就是因为既然 Nice College 不是第一选择，所以所收学生未必会全部来就读。
[/quote]
逻辑 - 蓝皮书【上】- GMAT精选练习题（结论题）- 13（第270页）
The number of patents granted to inventors by the United States Patent Office dropped from 56,000 in 1971 to 45,000 in 1978. Spending on research and development, which peaked at 3 percent of the gross national product (GNP) in 1964, was only 2.2 percent of the GNP in 1978. During this period, when the United States percentage was steadily decreasing, West Germany and Japan increased the percentage of their GNP's spent on research and development to 3.2 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively.Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?
(A) There is direct relationship between the size of a nation's GNP and the number of inventions it produces.
(B) Japan and West Germany spent more money on research and development is directly related to the number of inventions patented in that nation.
(C) The amount of money a nation spends on research and development is directly relocated to the number of inventions patented in that nation.
(D) Between 1964 and 1978 the United States consistently spent a larger percentage of its GNP on research and development than did Japan.
(E) Both West Germany and Japan will soon surpass the United States in the number of patents granted to investors.
这道题的标准答案是（D）。可我觉得（C）选项更象是正确答案。有人能指点一下吗？
[quote]
C 有错，应该是 The amount of money a nation spends on research and development is directly related to the number of inventions patented in that nation.
错就错在那个 directly。题干只是提出一些数字，并没有说这些数字是有关系的，更没有提出证据说明实在有直接的关系。
[/quote]
GWD逻辑Q22
C 这题不是很明白，sales revenue 下降了，那只是sale 那一部分啊，怎么跟其他利润来源榘道扯上关系Denoma, a major consumer-electronics maker, had a sizeable decline in sales revenue for its most recent fiscal year. This result appears surprising, because electronics retailers report that although their overall sales were considerably lower than in the previous year, their sales revenue from Denoma models actually grew, largely thanks to some innovative and popular models that Denoma introduced.
Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the apparently surprising result?
A. Because of the need to educate the public about its new models’ capabilities, Denoma’s advertising spending was higher than normal over the period.
B. For the period at issue, Denoma’s major competitors reported declines in revenue that were, in percentage terms, greater than Denoma’s.
C. A significant proportion of Denoma’s revenue comes from making components for other consumer-electronics manufacturers.
D. Unlike some of its major competitors, Denoma has no lines of business outside consumer electronics to provide revenue when retail sales of consumer electronics are weak.
E. During the period, consumer-electronics retailers sold remaining units of Denoma’s superseded models at prices that were deeply discounted from those models’ original prices.
[quote]
题干说，Denoma 从销售产品的收入下降了。但是卖电器的公司却报告，Denoma 产品的销售量增加了。那么如何解释这两个好像是矛盾的资料呢？答案就一定是，除了电器以外，Denoma 还销售其他的产品，而这些产品的销售量下降了。C 就是说明这点。
[/quote]
Q22 那题,我一开始选了E,请问E是不是在削弱?
题干说:their sales revenue from Denoma models actually grew
但E说were deeply discounted ,所以不能选E,是不是这样?
[quote]
是的，E 的资料与题干的资料冲突。
[/quote]
语法，which从句的思考～
问个很弱智的问题：主句完了 逗号后面的which从句是就近修饰它紧挨的名词，还是用来修饰/说明逗号前面整个主句的？我记得应该是修饰整个主句的吧！修饰名词的话可以紧挨名词后面加that从句吧？[quote]
which 可以修饰前面的名词词组，也可以修饰整个分句，看语境来断定。which 和 that 的分别不是一个修饰整个分句，一个修饰名词词组，而是一个带出 non-restrictive clause，另一个带出 restrictive clause：
This is the house that Jack built.
The house across the street, which Jack built, is simply too ugly for words.
Jack finished building his house, which surprised everyone who knew him.
看得出三种用法的分别吗？
[/quote] The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which it is hoped can be completed in the late 1980's.
整个句子划线。我看的这本书 对A项的分析（也就是原句哈）：A选项，which从句就近修饰dollars，逻辑意思不合理。
[quote]
那个 which 是修饰 program 的，隔离得太远了。在这里并不是修饰整个主分句。这样才是：
The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which is really not too big a sum, considering how expensive things are nowadays.
[/quote]
OG语法96
96. Ranked as one of the most important of Europe's young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written forty plays; his works--translated into over thirty languages--are produced more often than any contemporary German dramatist.A. than any
B. than any other
C. than are any
D. than those of any other
E. as are those of any
这题先不说答案，就说开头那句：ranked as one of the most important of Europe's young playwrights。为什么important 后面还要加of呢？不是直接说one of the most important Europe's young playwrights就行了吗，谁知道这是什么用法能不能介绍一下。
[quote]
most important Europe's young playwrights 是不通的。important 后面不可以跟一个名词的拥有式的。要说就得说成 most important young playwrights of Europe 或是 most important young playwrights in Europe。太多定语串在一起是很不妥当的。
[/quote]
OG语法109
109. Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists. Chandler Owen j and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.(A) Published in Harlem, the owner and editor of the Messenger were two young journalists. Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader.
(B) Published in Harlem, two young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, were the owner and editor of the Messenger.
(C) Published in Harlem, the Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists, A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and Chandler Owen.
(D) The Messenger was owned and edited by two young journalists. Chandler Owen and A. Philip Randolph, who would later make his reputation as a labor leader, and published in Harlem.
这题中的make his reputation as a labor leader是什么用法，在字典上查不到make as,高手帮忙解释下吧~~~
[quote]
因为那个词组不是 make as，而是 make his reputation。
[/quote]
新东方黄皮逻辑
It has been hypothesized that much of the matter in the universe is "dark," i.e., unseen. Studies have shown that galaxies in many galaxy clusters are moving faster with respect to one aother than they would if visible stars constituted all their mass. The studies suggest that the galaxies are moving under the gravitational influence of unseen mass in considerable quantity.a, Measurements of the speed of moving galaxies are extremey unreliable.
b, The workings of gravitational forces are not particularly well understood.
c, the aggregate mass of visible stars in the galaxies mentioned above can be estimated with some confidence.
d, The general composition of unseen matter in the universe has been determined.
e, Without exception, the galaxies mentioned above move toward one another.
是新东方黄皮逻辑，我没去新东方上过课。。。句子结构有点模糊。。galaxies in many galaxy clusters are moving faster with respect to one aother than they would if visible stars constituted all their mass. 愚昧，到底是看得见比看不见快还是倒过来啊。。。
我在C和D间徘徊。。
[quote]
题目问什么？
那句不是说看得见的快或是看不见的快。if visible stars constituted all their mass 就是说：假如这些银河系的质量全部来自看得见的星球（指会发光的物体）。这题的意思就是说：根据物理学的定律，假如这些银河系的质量全部来自看得见的星球，那就不能解释在很多银河系群里面，银河系与银河系的相对速度。因为这个理论的速度，比现在从实际观察到的速度要慢的。所以这些银河系里面必定有更多的物质，使银河系的质量高于只是看得见的星球加起来的质量，那么根据物理学的定律，银河系与银河系的吸引力就要大很多，那么相对的速度也因为引力大而快很多了。这些看不见的物质，就叫做 dark matter。
[/quote]
GWD25-Q3 -- 逻辑题求解
Mel: The official salary for judges has always been too low to attract the best candidates to the job. The legislature’s move to raise the salary has done nothing to improve the situation, because it was coupled with a ban on receiving money for lectures and teaching engagements.Pat: No, the raise in salary really does improve the situation. Since very few judges teach or give lectures, the ban will have little or no negative effect.
Pat's response to Mel is inadequate in that it
A. attempts to assess how a certain change will affect potential members of a group by providing evidence about its effect on the current members.
B. mistakenly takes the cause of a certain change to be an effect of that change
C. attempts to argue that a certain change will have a positive effect merely by pointing to the absence of negative effects
D. simply denies Mel’s claim without putting forward any evidence in support of that denial
E. assumes that changes that benefit the most able members of a group necessarily benefit all members of that group.
答案为什么选A呢?
[quote]
因为 Mel 说的是法官的薪水太低了，不能吸引最佳人选。议会最近通过加薪，但同时禁止法官去教书或是演讲，所以结果并没有真正改善情况。Pat 的反驳是说禁止教书与演讲其实并不是那么大的损失，因为法官很少会去兼职的。他说的是法官，所以就是现在已经是做法官的人，和 Mel 所讲的可能做法官的人并不一样，所以答不对题。
[/quote]
OG11 105
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, a technique called proton-induced x-ray emission，which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.（A） Originally developed for detecting air pollutants， a technique called proton-induced x-ray emission, which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it，
(C) A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants， called proton-induced x-ray emission， which can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it，
请问一下那个which什么时候能跳跃指代什么时候就近修饰它前面的名词
[quote]
C 虽然理论上正确，但是那个 which 有点突兀，所以这样的用法并不好。之所以正确，是因为 called proton-induced X-ray emission 是插入成份。同时插入成份前面的 A technique originally developed for detecting air pollutants 是一个单位，所以 which 可以指代这个名词词组。
不过这实在不是好句，因为 which 隔得太远。这句应该劈为两句：
Proton-induced X-ray emission is a technique that was originally developed for detecting air pollutants. As it can quickly analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, the technique is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.
[/quote]
这是OG11 105题 答案选A
OG上的解释是C中which 指了emission; A中which 指带technique是正确的
我不明白which为什么在这两种情况下一个跳跃指代一个却就近指代
[quote]
A 比 C 更差。Official Guide 的解释常常都是乱来的。这里说 which 的指代就是这样的胡说。两个 which 都是指 a technique called proton-induced x-ray emission，只不过 C 那里有插入成份隔开了。读起来的时候，A 比 C 更突兀，所以两个都是不好的。
[/quote]
OG 72.
The number of undergraduate degrees in engineering awarded by colleges and universities in the United States increased by more than twice from 1978 to 1985.(A) increased by more than twice
(B) increased more than two times
(C) more than doubled
(D) was more than doubled（C）
(E) had more than doubled
Choice A is faulty because an adverb such as twice cannot function as an object of the preposition by. B distorts the sentence’s meaning, stating that the number of engineering degrees conferred increased on more than two distinct occasions. D’s passive verb was... doubled suggests without warrant that some unnamed agent increased the number of engineering degrees. The past perfect tense in E, had... doubled, is inappropriate unless the increase in engineering degrees is specifically being viewed as having occurred further back in the past than some subsequent event. Choice C is best.
求牛人解释， 错误答案D的解释，该如何理解？
非常感谢了！
[quote]
Official Guide 的解释照例是不伦不类。说 B 错的解释自己就错了，把 two times 解为两次，真是亏他们想得出来。B 错是因为在这里用 double 比用 increase two times 更习惯一点。
D 更加离谱，把 impersonal 的 passive voice 说成有人在背后操纵。其实不用解得那么神化。double 是主动的动词，所以不能用被动式。就是这么简单了。英语的动词不像汉语的那样可以是双向的。（“我去理发。”可以是理发师说，也可以是顾客说。）英语动词是单向的，double 自然也是。The number doubled. 不是 The number is doubled.。正如 I run. 不能说成 I am run. 一样。
[/quote]
GWD-18-Q11
In no other historical sighting did Halley’s comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910-1911.A.
did its return in 1910-1911
B.
had its 1910-1911 return（不如its return in 1910-1911清晰，时态错）
C.
in its return of 1910-1911
D.
its return of 1910-1911 did
E.
its return in 1910-1911
我选C,因为觉得这样和前面的in no other historical sighting比较对称：In no other historical sighting did halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation as halley's comet did in its return of 1910-1911.(是不是of 1910-1911这里是个硬性错误？一定要用in?)
[quote]
楼主选得对。应该是 C，因为比较的是 In no other historical sighting。如果用 as did 的话，就变成与 did cause such a worldwide sensation 比较了。
As 后面不一定要接分句的，接什么都可以：
In sickness as in health, his love for her never changed. 这题就是这个形式，可以把 as 这样移前就清楚了。
这是 American Heritage Dictionary 里面的例句：The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale.
As 可以是副词、连词、代词、介词。做副词时后面跟的不是分句。做连词时后面多数是分句，但有不是分句的情形，如 American Heritage Dictionary 里面的这句：He was so foolish as to lie. 不过这不是比较。代词是 such . . . as 与 same . . . as 时用，后面跟分句。介词不是用来比较的。
[/quote]
按照你的理解那么这个比较反倒变成
Halley’s comet cause such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as its return did in 1910-1911
in no ...和in its...能对称???
[quote]
是的。对称不是考虑的项目，因为不是语法概念，只是修辞概念。这里是 in [noun phrase] as in [noun phrase] 就可以的了。
In no other historical sighting did Halley’s comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911. 如果要看清楚比较，就应该这样：Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as in its return of 1910-1911. 后面没有 did 的。也可以这样：In no other historical sighting as in its return of 1910-1911 did Halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation. 比较是两个名词词组：no other historical sighting 与 its return of 1910-1911。
比较：
All is fair in love as in war.
In love as in war, all is fair.
As in war, all is fair in love.
这是最简单的骨干。题目比较复杂一点，因为比较的不是名词，而是名词词组。
[/quote]
GWD7-Q41
evaluation(对答案的两种回答能WEAKEN和SUPPORT原文结论)Magazine Publisher:
Our magazine does not have a liberal bias.
It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position.
Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.
Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response?
Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book?
Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned?
[url=]Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews[/url]?[C1]
Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view?
Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes?
实在看不懂题目和选项的意思，真心求助。。大家知道的帮忙解释一下吧....正确答案是c
[quote]
这份杂志编辑否认杂志偏袒自由派。固然去年有个书评，作者的见解是保守派的，所以杂志就压下不登，直到找到一个自由派的人来写另外一个书评，再刊登出来。编辑说这不是偏袒自由派，而是要有不同的意见，以做平衡。
题目就是问，如果要评估编辑的辩护是否正当，需要考虑哪方面。
[/quote] Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators--most of which are exported to Europe. However, European manufacturers are emerging and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market. The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States. If these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the United States, United States manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels, since __________.
(A) some United States manufacturers have been substantially increasing their output over the last several years
(B) the efficiency of solar-power generators in converting energy from the Sun into electric power is not improving as fast as it once did
(C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do United States manufacturers in the United States
(D) European governments are currently undertaking initiatives to stimulate the use of solar power within Europe
(E) the current market for solar-power generators in the United States is very limited
为什么E不对？答案是C？不能理解
[quote]
这题出得很不好。C 并不能从题干那里推论出来，因为题干并没有说到什么 competitive advantage，只是说在欧洲会有竞争。（那个 certain advantage 在题干是看不出来的。）E 其实非常合理，因为题干说：The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States. E 只是用错了一个词：limited。如果改为 small 就无懈可击了。不过就算用 limited，也能够表示美国市场大有扩展的可能。
所以我觉得这题没有正确答案，要选也是 E 比 C 好。
[/quote]
xy13第39题
Q39. 大全987-675Studies show that young people with higher-than-average blood pressure and their families have a history of high blood pressure are more likely than others to develop a severe form of the condition.(A) and their families have a history of high blood pressure
(B) whose families have a history of high blood pressure
(C) and a history of high blood pressure runs in the family
(D) whose families have a history of high blood pressure running in them
(E) with a history of high blood pressure running in their family
优势又是一道找不到讨论的，我选了E，答案是B，请指教思路
[quote]
E 不妥是因为连续有两个 with 词组，而中间却没有连接。
[/quote]
那B里面的whose离它修饰的名词那么远为什么没有违反gmat语法规则？
[quote]
这是因为 young people with higher-than-average blood pressure 是一个单位，后面用了 whose 不会让人误会是修饰 blood pressure，所以没有问题。
（不要相信那些所谓的 GMAT 语法。GMAT 用的语法就是一般正式英文的文法，没有什么特别的一套。）
[/quote]
GWD25-Q12，逻辑题求解
In Kantovia, physicians’ income comes from insurance companies, which require physicians to documenttheir decisions in treating patients and to justify deviations from the companies’ treatment
guidelines. Ten years ago physicians were allowed more discretion. Most physicians believe that the
companies’ requirements now prevent them from spending enough time with patients. Yet the average
amount of time a patient spends with a physician during an office visit has actually increased somewhat
over the last ten years.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy between physicians’
perceptions and the change in the actual time spent?
A. Patients are more likely to be in a hurry nowadays and are less willing to wait a long time to
see their physician.
B. Physicians today typically have a wider range of options in diagnosis and treatment to consider
with the patient before prescribing.
C. Physicians are increasingly likely to work in group practices, sharing the responsibility of
night and weekend work.
D. Most patients would rather trust their physicians than their insurance companies to make
decisions about their treatment.
E. Since the insurance companies pay physicians a set amount for each office visit, it is to
physicians’ financial advantage to see as many patients as possible.
B?
引用:
which require physicians to document their decisions in treating patients and to justify deviations from the companies' treatment guidelines这句话看不懂
[quote]
B 是唯一和题干所说有关系的选项。
which require physicians to document their decisions in treating patients and to justify deviations from the companies' treatment guidelines：这是美国现在很多医药保险公司的做法。医生看病人时，必须详细写出他们的诊断，并说明为什么。保险公司对各种病症都有治疗指示，说明什么可以做，什么疗程不付款。那么如果医生决定疗程后，与保险公司的指示不同，就要说明理由
[/quote]
求助PREP语法1-106
Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill becauseits weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less thanfour quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each.
(A) more as a substitute for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than
(B) more as a substitute for four quarters than the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far lighter than
(C) as a substitute for four quarters more than for the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far less than
(D) as a substitute for four quarters more than the dollar bill because its weight of only 8.1 grams is far lighter than it is for
(E) as a substitute more for four quarters rather than for the dollar bill because its weight, only 8.1 grams, is far less than it is for
我想问，答案C中，far less than这个结构到底是修饰谁的？是修饰动词还是修饰8.1 grams。还有为什么用less，不用lighter呢？感觉这种程度的比较不是用lighter更好吗？
[quote]
far less 是 weighs 的状语。
因为是 weigh，所以修饰的是 more 或 less。没有人说 It weighs heavier than four quarters. 或是 It weighs lighter than four quarters.。这是因为 weigh 这个动词里面已经包含重量的概念，不需要再在形容词那里重复。
[/quote]
GWD25-Q22.
22Springfield Fire Commissioner: the vast majority of false fire alarms
are prank calls made anonymously from fire alarm boxes on street
corners. Since virtually everyone has access to a private telephone,
these alarm boxes have outlived their usefulness. Therefore, we
propose to remove the boxes. Removing the boxes will reduce the
number of prank calls without hampering people’s ability to report a fire.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the claim that the
proposal, if carried out, will have the announced effect?
论述中心
A.
The fire department traces all alarm calls made from private telephones and records where they came from.无关
B.
Maintaining the fire alarm boxes costs Springfield approximately
five million dollars annually.无关
C.
A telephone call can provide the fire department with more information about the
nature and size of a fire than can an alarm placed
from an alarm box.
D.
Responding to false alarms significantly reduces the fire department’s capacity for responding to [url=]fires[/url][w1] .
E.
On any given day, a significant percentage of the public telephones
in Springfield are out of service.削弱
[w1]
文章的论述中心只是report a fire by what. 而不是responding。
应该选C，我选了D.不知道我自己撺的解释对不对？D是不是因为这个错的？
[quote]
正确答案是 A。我以前解释过这题的，现在找不到了。
题干的结论是：撤掉街头火警钟，可以减少虚报火警的次数。这措施不会妨碍市民报火警，因为差不多所有人都可以找到电话报火警。那么答案是要支持这个建议的。
A 正是这样的支持，因为私人电话报火警时，消防局必定追查电话从哪里打来的。因为有这个措施，所以虚报火警的人不会用电话的。这就是为什么撤掉街头火警钟会减少虚报的次数。
C 所说的是电话报火警的长处，与题干的建议无关。
D 只是说虚报火警为什么坏，并没有支持题干的建议。
[/quote]
GWD-23-Q10
When trying to identify new technologies that promise to transform the marketplace, market researchers survey the managers of those companies that are developing new technologies. Such managers have an enormous stake in succeeding, so they invariably overstate the potential of their new technologies. Surprisingly, however, market researchers typically do not survey a new technology’s potential buyers, even though it is the buyers-not the producers-who will ultimately determine a technology’s commercial success.Which of the following, if true, best accounts for the typical survey practices among market researchers?
A.
If a new technology succeeds, the commercial benefits accrue largely to the producers, not to the buyers, of that technology.
B.
People who promote the virtues of a new technology typically fail to consider that the old technology that is currently in use continues to be improved, often substantially.
C.
Investors are unlikely to invest substantial amounts of capital in a company whose own managers are skeptical about the commercial prospects of a new technology they are developing.
D.
The potential buyers for not-yet-available technologies can seldom be reliably identified.——更合理？
E.
The developers of a new technology are generally no better positioned than its potential buyers to gauge how rapidly the new technology can be efficiently mass-produced.
选D.但是我觉得C也可以解释啊？
[quote]
C 所说的和题干所说的没有关系。题干并没有说任何有关投资者的话，只是说市场研究的人所做的事。还有，就算市场研究也去收集可能顾客的意见，并没有任何理由那些经理会因此说自己产品的坏话。
[/quote]
OG 紫皮 逻辑第5题
5. which of the following best complete the passage below? Established companies concentrate on defending what they already have.Consequently, they tend not to be innovative themselves and tend to underestimate the effects of the innovations of others. The clearest
example of theis defensive strategy is the fact that_____________.
(C) a once-successful manufacture of slide rules reacted to the introduction of electronic calculators by trying to make better slide rules .
(E) the inventor of a commonly used anesthetic did not intend the product to be used by dentists, who currently account for almost the
entire market for that drug.
答案是C，我怎么也想不通，通过采用计算器来使尺子做的更好是保守的战略吗？
E是什么意思呢？可能我自己感觉绕进去了，我感觉E在说麻醉剂的发明者不想让牙医用他的药，虽然麻醉剂现在基本都在为牙医服务。感觉有点矛盾，
不明白E到底要表达什么。。。。。。
OG上关于E的解释是这样说的:
the anesthetic finds a different market than its inventor anticipated,this is not a defensive strategy
我看了那个晕啊！！是拟人么？？
[quote]
Slide rule 不是尺子，是计算尺。在没有袖珍计算机的时候，科学家、工程师计算时是用计算尺的。你们当然没有见过这些东西了。
[/quote]
语法-蓝皮书【中】-GMAT语法练习题精选 PART 1 - 119题（第270页）
119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than 0 billion a year.(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business
(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of
(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business
(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business
请教：为什么选项（E）不正确？
[quote]
E 不对是因为 significant in compounding。signiticant 是形容词，但是却看不出是形容哪个名词的。significantly 就不同了，因为明显是修饰 is growing 的。
通常很少会用形容词带出一个修饰前面的词组的，习惯是用副词或是 relative pronoun。
[/quote]
38. GWD17-Q38:
All Y chromosomes in existence today are descended from a single ancestor’s who is thought to have lived about 140,000 years ago.A. a single ancestor’s who is thought to have lived
B. a single ancestor’s who was thought to live
C. a single ancestor whom it is thought had lived
D. the Y chromosome of a single ancestor who is thought to have lived
E. the Y chromosome of a single ancestor whom it was thought had lived
这题真的让人很困扰啊，后面的时间状语是 140,000 years ago，就明显不可能用完成时态的嘛，尽管我也知道a single ancestor`s 也很奇怪，但还是选了B,答案是D,请NN们指教~！！！
[quote]
D 最好。a single ancestor's 因为要沿用前面的名词，所以是 a single ancestor's Y chromosomes，这样不对。D the Y chromosome of a single ancestor 就清楚了。
此外，想的是现代人，所以用 is。
最后：不是 have lived。这是 to have lived。to have lived 是 to live 的过去式。
[/quote] 53. There is no consensus on what role, if any, is played by acid rain in slowing the growth or damaging forests in the eastern United States.
(A) slowing the growth or damaging
(B) the damage or the slowing of the growth of
(C) the damage to or the slowness of the growth of
(D) damaged or slowed growth of
(E) damaging or slowing the growth of
C和E，不是说抽象名词大于分词吗，这里为什么又说因为简洁所以选E
[quote]
忘记什么大于、优于，这只是误导人的，如这题就是。
C 不对是因为这些 damaging 与 slowing 是在进行的，所以用 participle 更贴切。还有，就是没有人说 the slowness of the growth of 的。非常不地道。坏就坏在有动词不用而去用名词，在英文写作里这是大忌。
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语法 - 蓝皮书【中】- GMAT语法练习题精选 PART 2 - 16题（第293页）
One of every two new businesses fail within two years.A) fail
B) fails
C) should fail
D) may have failed
E) has failed
请教：为什么 C）选项错误？
[quote]
这题很差很差！语境不够，不能决定应该选哪个。其实这里用 fails 更自然，虽然 should 也正确。主要是看肯定到什么的程度。
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语法 - 蓝皮书【中】- GMAT语法练习题精选 PART 2 - 129题（第321页）
The nation's three military academies have seen a dramatic rise in applications, one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, increasing tuition costs at private colleges, and improved recruiting by the academies.(A) one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, increasing tuition costs at private colleges, and improved recruiting by the academies
(B) one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, tuition costs that have increased at private colleges, and academies improving their recruiting
(C) one fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, private colleges that increased their tuition costs, and recruiting improvements by the academies
(D) fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, tuition costs increasing at private colleges, and academies improving their recruiting
(E) fueled by a resurgence of patriotism, increasing tuition costs at private colleges, and academies improving their recruiting
请教：为什么（D）选项错误？
[quote]
D 不好是因为 tuition costs 放在那里，读者不清楚是要接 by 的，而是以为是顺着 a resurgence of 而来，读到 increasing 时才觉得与 resurgence 重复了，所以不顺。 E 那样就不会把 increasing 接到 of 那里，因为 increasing 与 resurgence 的意义相近，所以多半不能接在 resurgence 后面。
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语法 - 蓝皮书【中】- GMAT语法练习题精选 PART 2 - 107题（第315页）
When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted they would make further rate increases unnecessary for at least three years.(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary
(B) they would mean that further rate increases would not be needed
(C) that it would not be necessary for further rate increases
(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary
(E) further rate increases will not be needed
请教：为什么（C）选项错误？
[quote]
C 不好是因为连用两个 for 词组。necessary 后面跟 to 好得多。
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