Punctuation Rules(发现在美国学习英语，这些基本知识老美还是挺看重的)
[size=3]关于标点符号，大小写，数字的书写，我想大部分的人都认为自己没有问题。真认为写英文的时候，标点符号都用对了吗？请按照下面的RULES核对一下吧。[/size][size=3]-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[/size]
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[size=3][color=green][b]目录：[/b][/color][/size]
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[font=Arial][size=4][color=green][b]1楼 Commas [/b][/color][/size][/font]
[align=right][float=right][url=http://e.taisha.org/misc.php?action=viewratings&tid=818710&pid=8584392][font=Arial][size=4][color=green][/color][/size][/font][/url][/float][/align][b][font=Arial][size=4][color=green]2. Quotation Marks[/color][/size][/font]
[/b][align=right][float=right][url=http://e.taisha.org/misc.php?action=viewratings&tid=818710&pid=8584393][font=Arial][size=4][color=green][/color][/size][/font][/url][/float][/align][b][font=Arial][size=4][color=green]3. Parentheses [/color][/size][/font]
[/b][align=right][float=right][url=http://e.taisha.org/misc.php?action=viewratings&tid=818710&pid=8584395][font=Arial][size=4][color=green][/color][/size][/font][/url][/float][/align][b][font=Arial][size=4][color=green]4. Capitalization[/color][/size][/font]
[/b][align=right][float=right][url=http://e.taisha.org/misc.php?action=viewratings&tid=818710&pid=8584398][font=Arial][size=4][color=green][/color][/size][/font][/url][/float][/align][font=Arial][size=4][color=green][b]5. Rules for Writing Numbers[/b][/color][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=4][color=#008000][/color][/size][/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=4][color=green]6. Semicolons[/color][/size][/font]
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[size=3][b]1. Commas:[/b][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 1[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]My $10,000,000 estate is to be split among my husband, daughter, son, and nephew.[/i][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][b]NOTE[/b][/td][td]Omitting the comma after son would indicate that the son and nephew would have to split one-third of the estate. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 2 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between them. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]He is a strong, healthy man. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]We stayed at an expensive summer resort.[/i]
You would not say [i]expensive and summer resort[/i], so no comma. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,4,60][b]Rule 3 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma when an [i]ly[/i] adjective is used with other adjectives. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][b]NOTE[/b][/td][td=1,1,350]To test if an ly word is an adjective, see if it can be used alone with the noun. If it can, use the comma. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Felix was a lonely, young boy.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td][i]I get headaches in brightly lit rooms.[/i]
[i]Brightly[/i] is not an adjective because it cannot be used alone with [i]rooms[/i]; therefore, no comma is used between [i]brightly[/i] and [i]lit[/i]. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,4,60][b]Rule 4 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me? [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]Yes, Doctor, I will. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][b]NOTE[/b][/td][td]Capitalize a title when directly addressing someone. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 5a [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Kathleen met her husband on December 5, 2003, in Mill Valley, California.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 5b [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]If any part of the date is omitted, leave out the comma. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]They met in December 2003 in Mill Valley.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 6 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state. Some businesses no longer use the comma after the state. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]I lived in San Francisco, California, for 20 years.[/i]
OR
[i]I lived in San Francisco, California for 20 years.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 7 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use commas to surround degrees or titles used with names. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Al Mooney, M.D., knew Sam Sunny, Jr. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][b]NOTE[/b][/td][td]Sometimes people having names with Jr. attached do not use a comma before the Jr. If they do not use the comma, then you should not. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 8 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt the flow of the sentence. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]I am, as you have probably noticed, very nervous
about this. [/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 9 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]When starting a sentence with a weak clause, use a comma after it. Conversely, do not use a comma when the sentence starts with a strong clause followed by a weak clause. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]If you are not sure about this, let me know now. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]Let me know now if you are not sure about this. [/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 11 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description following it is considered nonessential and should be surrounded by commas. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident.[/i]
[i]Freddy[/i] is named so the description is not essential. [/td][/tr][tr][td][i]The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident.[/i]
We do not know which boy is being referred to without
further description; therefore, no commas are used. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 12 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction-and, or, but, for, nor. You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]I have painted the entire house, but he is still
working on sanding the doors. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]I paint and he writes.[/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 13 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use the comma to separate two sentences if it will help avoid confusion. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]I chose the colors red and green, and blue
was his first choice.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,5,60][b]Rule 14 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]A comma splice is an error caused by joining two strong clauses with only a comma instead of separating the clauses with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period. A comma splice creates what is
known as a run-on sentence. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Incorrect[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Time flies when we are having fun, we are
always having fun.[/i]
(Comma splice) [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,3]Correct[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Time flies when we are having fun and we
are always having fun. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]Time flies when we are having fun; we
are always having fun. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]Time flies when we are having fun. We
are always having fun.[/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 15 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]If the subject does not appear in front of the second verb,
do not use a comma. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]He[/i][i] thought quickly when asked that difficult question but still did not answer correctly.[/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 16 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations shorter than three lines. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]He actually said, "I do not care." [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]"Why," I asked, "do you always forget to do it?"[/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 17 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma to separate a statement from a question. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]I can go, can't I?[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 18 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a sentence. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]That is my money, not yours.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 19 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a comma when beginning sentences with introductory words such as well, now, or yes. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Yes, I do need that report. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]Well, I never thought I'd live to see the day . . .[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 20 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use commas surrounding words such as [i]therefore[/i] and [i]however[/i] when they are used as interruptors. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60][/td][td=1,2,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]I would, therefore, like a response. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]I would be happy, however, to volunteer for the Red Cross.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 21 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use either a comma or a semicolon before introductory words such as [i]namely, that is, i.e., for example, e.g.,[/i] or [i]for instance[/i] when they are followed by a series of items. The comma after the introductory word is optional. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]You may be required to bring many items, e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]You may be required to bring many items; e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.[/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][/td][td][/td][td][i]You may be required to bring many items, e.g. sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][/td][td][b]NOTE:[/b][/td][td][i]i.e.[/i] means [i]that is [/i]
[i]e.g. [/i]means [i]for example [/i]
[/td][/tr][/table]
[[i] 本帖最后由 tracy24 于 2007-4-30 05:22 编辑 [/i]]
2. Quotation Marks
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,4,60][b][size=2]Rule 1[/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]Periods and commas always go inside quotation marks, even inside single quotes. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,3,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't Walk," to "Walk" again within 30 seconds. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]She said, "Hurry up." [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]She said, "He said, 'Hurry up.'" [/size][/i][i][size=2][/size][/i]
[/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,4,60][b][size=2]Rule 2 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]The placement of question marks with quotes follows logic. If a question is in quotation marks, the question mark should be placed inside the quotation marks. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]She asked, "Will you still be my friend?" [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2][/size][/td][td][size=2][i]Do you agree with the saying, "All's fair in love and war"?[/i]
Here the question is outside the quote. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][b][size=2]NOTE[/size][/b][/td][td][size=2]Only one ending punctuation mark is used with quotation marks. Also, the stronger punctuation mark wins. Therefore, no period after [i]war[/i] is used. [/size]
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[/td][/tr][/table][table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 3 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]When you have a question outside quoted material AND inside quoted material, use only one question mark and place it inside the
quotation mark. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]Did she say, "May I go?"[/size][/i]
[i][size=2][/size][/i]
[/td][/tr][/table][table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 4 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]Use single quotation marks for quotes within quotes. Note that the period goes inside all quote marks. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]He said, "Danea said, 'Do not treat me that way.'" [/size][/i]
[i][size=2][/size][/i]
[/td][/tr][/table][table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b][size=2]Rule 5 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]Use quotation marks to set off a direct quotation only. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]"When will you be here?" he asked. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]He asked when you will be there.[/i] [/size]
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[/td][/tr][/table][table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b][size=2]Rule 6 [/size][/b][/td][td][size=2]Do not use quotation marks with quoted material that is more than three lines in length. Introduce the quotation with a colon and leave a blank line above and below the quoted material. Single space the quoted material. Some style manuals say to indent one-half inch on both the left and right margins; others say to indent only on the left margin. Quotation marks are not used.[/size]
[/td][/tr][/table][table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 7 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]When you are quoting something that has a spelling or grammar mistake or presents material in a confusing way, insert the term [i]sic[/i] in italics and enclose it in brackets. [i]Sic[/i] means, "This is the way the original
material was." [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][size=2][i]She wrote, "I would rather die then [sic] be seen wearing the same outfit as my sister has on."[/i]
Should be [i]than[/i], not [i]then[/i]. [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
[[i] 本帖最后由 tracy24 于 2007-4-30 05:05 编辑 [/i]]
3. Parentheses
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b][size=2]Rule 1[/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]Use parentheses to enclose words or figures that clarify or are usedas an aside. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]I expect five hundred dollars ($500). [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not understand the question.[/i]
Commas could have been used in the above example. Parentheses show less emphasis or importance.
[/size][url=http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/dashes.asp][size=2][color=#810081]Em dashes[/color][/size][/url][size=2], which could also have been used instead of parentheses, show emphasis. [/size][/td][/tr][/table][size=2][/size]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 2 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]You may use half parentheses to enclose numbers of listed items in a sentence. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][size=2][i]We need an emergency room physician who can 1) think quickly, 2) treat patients respectfully, and 3) handle complaints from the public.[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 3 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1][size=2]Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the parentheses. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][size=2][i]Please read the analysis (I enclosed it as Attachment A.).[/i]
OR
[i]Please read the analysis. (I enclosed it as Attachment A.)[/i]
OR
[i]Please read the analysis (Attachment A).[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
[[i] 本帖最后由 tracy24 于 2007-4-30 05:05 编辑 [/i]]
4. Capitalization
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b][size=2]Rule 1[/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]He said, "Treat her as you would your own daughter."[/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]"Look out!" she screamed. "You almost ran into my child."[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table][size=2][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 2 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize a proper noun. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][size=2][i]Golden Gate Bridge[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b][size=2]Rule 3 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize a person's title when it precedes the name. Do not capitalize when the title is acting as a description following the name. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]Chairperson Petrov[/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]Ms. Petrov, the chairperson of the company, will address us at noon.[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b][size=2]Rule 4 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize when the person's title follows the name on the address or signature line. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][size=2][i]Sincerely,[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]Ms. Haines, Chairperson[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,5,60][b][size=2]Rule 5 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize the titles of high-ranking government officials when used with or before their names. Do not capitalize the civil title if it is used instead of the name. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,4,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]The president will address Congress.[/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]All senators are expected to attend.[/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]The governors and lieutenant governors called for a special task force.[/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]Governor Fortinbrass, Lieutenant Governor Poppins, Attorney General Dalloway, and Senators James and Twain will attend.[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 6 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize any title when used as a direct address. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][size=2][i]Will you take my temperature, Doctor?[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,4,60][b][size=2]Rule 7 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize points of the compass only when they refer to specific regions. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,3,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]We have had three relatives visit from the South.[/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]Go south three blocks and then turn left.[/i] [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td][size=2][i]We live in the southeast section of town.[/i]
[i]Southeast[/i] is just an adjective here describing section, so it should not be capitalized. [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
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[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,4,60][b][size=2]Rule 8 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Always capitalize the first and last words of titles of publications regardless of their parts of speech. Always capitalize other words within titles, including the short verb forms [i]Is[/i], [i]Are[/i], and [i]Be[/i]. [/size]
[size=2]Exception: Do not capitalize little words within titles such as [i]a, an, the, but, as, if, and, or, nor[/i], or prepositions, regardless of their length.[/size]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,3,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]The Day of the Jackal [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]What Color Is Your Parachute? [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]A Tale of Two Cities[/size][/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[size=2][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,7,60][b][size=2]Rule 9 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize [i]federal[/i] or [i]state[/i] when used as part of an official agency name or in government documents where these terms represent an official name. If they are being used as general terms, you may use lower-case letters. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,6,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]The state has evidence to the contrary. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]That is a federal offense. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]The State Board of Equalization collects sales taxes. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]We will visit three states during our summer vacation. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]The Federal Bureau of Investigation has been subject to much scrutiny and criticism lately. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]Her business must comply with all county, state, and federal laws. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[size=2][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 10[/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]You may capitalize words such as [i]department[/i], [i]bureau[/i], and [i]office[/i] if you have prepared your text in the following way: [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]The Bureau of Land Management (Bureau) has some jurisdiction over Indian lands. The Bureau is finding its administrative role to be challenging. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[size=2][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 11[/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Do not capitalize names of seasons. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]I love autumn colors and spring flowers. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[size=2][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,4,60][b][size=2]Rule 12[/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize the first word of a salutation and the first word of a complimentary close. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,3,60][size=2]Examples[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]Dear Ms. Mohamed: [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]My dear Mr. Sanchez: [/size][/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i][size=2]Very truly yours, [/size][/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[size=2][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 13 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize words derived from proper nouns. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example [/size][/td][td=1,1,350][size=2][i]I must take English and math.[/i]
[i]English[/i] is capitalized because it comes from the proper noun [i]England[/i] but [i]math[/i] does not come from [i]mathland[/i]. [/size][/td][/tr][/table]
[size=2][/size]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b][size=2]Rule 14 [/size][/b][/td][td=2,1,442][size=2]Capitalize the names of specific course titles. [/size][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60][size=2]Example[/size][/td][td=1,1,350][i][size=2]I must take history and Algebra 2. [/size][/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[[i] 本帖最后由 tracy24 于 2007-4-30 05:09 编辑 [/i]]
5.Rules for Writing Numbers
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 1[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]The numbers [i]one[/i] through [i]nine[/i] should be spelled out; use figures for numbers [i]10[/i] and above. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]I want five copies.I want 10 copies.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 2[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]With a group of related numbers in a sentence, where one number is [i]10[/i] or above, write the numbers all in figures. Use words if all related numbers are below [i]10[/i]. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Correct [/td][td=1,1,350][i]I asked for 5 pencils, not 50.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Incorrect [/td][td][i]I asked for five pencils, not 50.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Correct [/td][td][i]My 10 cats fought with their 2 cats.
My nine cats fought with their two cats.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 3[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]If the numbers are unrelated, then you may use both figures and words. Again, [i]one[/i] through [i]nine[/i] should be spelled out. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]I asked for 30 pencils for my five employees.[/i]
[i]My nine cavities are exceeded in number by my 14 teeth.[/i]
[i]I have 10 toes but only one nose.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 4[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Always spell out simple fractions and use hyphens with them. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]One-half of the pies have been eaten.[/i]
[i]A two-thirds majority is required for that bill to pass in Congress.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 5[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]A mixed fraction can be expressed in figures unless it is the first word of a sentence. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]We expect a 5 1/2 percent wage increase.
Five and one-half percent was the maximum allowable interest.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 6[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]The simplest way to express large numbers is best. Be careful to be consistent within a sentence. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Correct [/td][td=1,1,350][i]You can earn from one million to five million dollars.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Incorrect [/td][td][i]You can earn from one million to $5,000,000.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Correct [/td][td][i]You can earn from $500 to $5,000,000.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Incorrect [/td][td][i]You can earn from $500 to $5 million.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Correct [/td][td][i]You can earn from five hundred to five million dollars.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Incorrect [/td][td][i]You can earn from $500 to five million dollars. [/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 7[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Write decimals in figures. Put a zero in front of a decimal unless the decimal itself begins with a zero. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]The plant grew 0.79 of a foot in one year.
The plant grew only .07 of a foot this year because of the drought.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 8 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]When writing out large numbers of five or more digits before the decimal point, use a comma where the comma would appear in the figure format. Use the word [i]and[/i] only where the decimal point appears in the figure format.[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]$15,768.13 (Fifteen thousand, seven hundred sixty-eight dollars and thirteen cents)
$1054.21 (One thousand fifty-four dollars and twenty-one cents)[/i]
[b]NOTE:[/b] The comma is now commonly omitted in four-digit whole numbers. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 9[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]The following examples apply when using dates: [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples [/td][td=1,1,350][i]The meeting is scheduled for June 30.
The meeting is scheduled for the 30th of June.
We have had tricks played on us on April 1.
The 1st of April puts some people on edge.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 10[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]When expressing decades, you may spell them out and lowercase them. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Example [/td][td=1,1,350][i]During the eighties and nineties, the United States economy grew.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 11[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]If you wish to express decades using incomplete numerals, put an apostrophe before the incomplete numeral but not between the year and the [i]s[/i].[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Correct [/td][td=1,1,350][i]During the '80s and '90s, the United States economy grew.[/i] [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td]Incorrect [/td][td][i]During the '80's and '90's, the United States economy grew.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 12[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]You may also express decades in complete numerals. Again, don't use an apostrophe between the year and the [i]s[/i].[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Example [/td][td=1,1,350][i]During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States economy grew.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 13[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Normally, spell out the time of day in text even with half and quarter hours. With [i]o'clock[/i], the number is always spelled out. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]She gets up at four thirty before the baby wakes up.
The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 14[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use numerals with the time of day when exact times are being emphasized.[/td][/tr][tr][td] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Monib's flight leaves at 6:22 a.m.
Please arrive by 12:30 p.m. sharp.[/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 15[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use noon and midnight rather than 12:00 a.m. or 12:00 p.m. [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 16[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Hyphenate all compound numbers from [i]twenty-one[/i] through [i]ninety-nine[/i]. [/td][/tr][tr][td] [/td][td=1,1,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Forty-three people were injured in the train wreck.
Twenty-three of them were hospitalized.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,1,60][b]Rule 17[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Write out a number if it begins a sentence. [/td][/tr][tr][td] [/td][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,442][i]Twenty-nine people won an award for helping their communities.
That 29 people won an award for helping their communities was fantastic![/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[[i] 本帖最后由 tracy24 于 2007-4-30 05:11 编辑 [/i]]
6. Semicolons
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 1[/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use a semicolon in place of a period to separate two sentences where the conjunction has been left out. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]I have paid my dues; therefore, I expect all the privileges listed in the contract.[/i][/td][/tr][/table][table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 2 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]It is preferable to use a semicolon before introductory words such as [i]namely, however, that is, i.e., for example, e.g.,[/i] or [i]for instance[/i] when they introduce a complete sentence. It is also preferable to use a comma after the introductory word.[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,2,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]You will want to bring many backpacking items; for example, sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing will make the trip better.[/i][/td][/tr][tr][td][i]As we discussed, you will bring two items; i.e., a sleeping bag and a tent are not optional.[/i][/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,2,60][b]Rule 3 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use the semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Example[/td][td=1,1,350][i]This conference has people that have come from Boise, Idaho; Los Angeles, California; and Nashville, Tennessee.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[table=518,#fbfaf4][tr][td=1,3,60][b]Rule 4 [/b][/td][td=2,1,442]Use the semicolon between two sentences that are joined by a conjunction but already have one or more commas within the first sentence. [/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60]Examples[/td][td=1,1,350][i]When I finish here, I will be glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep. [/i][/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,60] [/td][td][i]If she can, she will attempt that feat; and if her husband is able, he will be there to see her.[/i] [/td][/tr][/table]
[[i] 本帖最后由 tracy24 于 2007-4-30 05:13 编辑 [/i]] thank you for sharing 斑竹总结的好详细阿，我要好好学习一下！ up up up *** 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽 *** 看来基础知识还是很重要的，细节往往会决定一个人的成败::z1
感谢ｌｚ分享！！ 强贴留名~顶顶 谢谢TRACY分享::81 good one, thank you so much, save it~ 挥泪谢谢楼主分享，好人有好报 perfect job. thanks 感谢tracy分享~~~~~~ 好东西啊。谢谢。。。。::z4 ::z1 thank you.
楼主好人啊 非常好，今天刚上了这么一节课，发现挺重要的 ::83 来到美国才知道有那么多写作的规则,以前在国内都没有学过阿 ::86 ::31 受用：） *** 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽 *** not bad::86 却是个 好东西 。。。 谢谢分享
好详细！
真是有用的好东西……顶顶顶顶 ::31 好东西 收藏了 谢谢楼主分享！ 太厉害了！感谢LZ分享 ::z5 感谢分享和指点
UP
6::18 Exactly, It almost killed in my ENG103... Especially the syntax and mechenical....... crucially important....... 重新又看了一遍，非常好，在国内没人教这个。
感谢楼主分享 要仔细研究下
以前就有外教说我标点有误.... Thank you very much!!
You 're a good guy!!::z1 ::z1 非常非常感谢！！！ thanks! thanks! 谢谢楼主分享！ thanks a lot
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