应大家要求转自康老师的BLOG堆背景资料等(10.6更新..全部资料附件上传完毕)
=======================::81 我是华丽的分界线 ::81 =================================这两天在太傻看了N久发现很多楼主推荐一个台湾的康老师的BLOG...上面有一堆IBT加试的题和美国的一些背景.......这个BLOG是YAHOO奇摩的,被大陆给屏蔽了...所以很多连接都打不开
本人尝试了用美国日本韩国的代理服务器,结果是只能在短时间内有效...时间一长被大陆这边追踪到有打开不了了....无奈之下本人只能用
Torpark从美国那边转过来...勉强可以打的开(速度N慢.....)应大家的要求转到这里....
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以下各文皆转自 康老师的奇摩BLOG ..本人只负责转载,(偶不负责哦)
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目录:
精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零壹)：■ 亞歷山大帝國覆滅後的發展：（05.12.17、06.05）
精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零貳)：■ 蜜蜂搞轟趴,選Dancing Queen：（06.06.24、06.12.01、06.12.03）
精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零參)：■ 一閃一閃亮晶晶，滿天都是小星星：（06.07.29）
精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零四)：■ 三隻小鳥在樹上唱hip pop，猜一個字? （06.03.25、06.07.29、06.11.17、06.12.08）
精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零五)：■ 海豚海豚愛上貓 ღ♡（05.12.17）
精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零六)：■ 彗星撞地球之人類浩劫，熱映中 （06.02.11）
新托福結構式極速閱讀大講堂---課堂補充知識1：電影的早期歷史 The history of motion pictures
新托福結構式極速閱讀大講堂---課堂補充知識2：美國政黨發展史 The Development of Political Parties in the U.S.
英語考試背景知識&詞匯全修大講堂001~世界文明的起源
英語考試背景知識&詞匯全修大講堂002~美國艱辛的建國之路
英語考試背景知識&詞匯全修大講堂003~ 美國內戰 Civil War：An appeal from the ballot to the bullet
美索不达米亚（苏美尔）文明
达尔文进化论
[b]听力部分（共有六篇文章）[/b]
=======================::81 我是华丽的分界线 ::81 =================================
精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零壹)：■ 亞歷山大帝國覆滅後的發展：（05.12.17、06.05）
■ 亞歷山大帝國覆滅後的發展：（05.12.17、06.05）
亞歷山大大帝之後，他的王國分裂為三個，然後又被羅馬人統治了（有道題問，在亞歷山大帝國覆滅後，由哪個勢力統治）下面，又講尼羅河埃及的發展~~~其中的Greece創造了一種文明，不好意思單詞忘了，有點複雜。文章講述了文明的發生，影響。由於涉及到一些歷史人物和位址，單詞怪怪的，不過題目不是很困難。
Alexander the Great’s empire
(取自：字神帝國2007新橘寶書&新托福真經考前點題名師大講堂講義：以下機經皆同學們在網上分享，感謝這些好心的同學，編者只是將其整理，與大家分享，祝福大家有好成績的哦 ^ ^。)
¨ In 338 B.C., Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greek city-states. His son, Alexander the Great, succeeded him in 336 B.C.
¨ Until his death in 323 B.C., Alexander expanded his empire through conquests of much of the civilized world from Egypt to the Indus River . Alexander helped spread Greek ideas and the Greek way of life into all the lands he conquered.
¨ After Alexander died, his empire was divided among his generals. They continued to preserve Greek culture.
¨ No one succeeded Alexander the Great in the rule of his vast empire. His leading generals became governors of various areas and fought among themselves for control of the empire.
¨ By 300 B.C., Alexander's empire had split into a number of independent states. The three most powerful states were led by Alexander's generals Antigonus, Ptolemy托勒密, and Seleucus.
¨ Alexandria became Egypt 's capital, and its magnificent library and museum helped make the city one of the greatest cultural centers of ancient times.
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精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零貳)：■ 蜜蜂搞轟趴,選Dancing Queen：（06.06.24、06.12.01、06.12.03）
■ 蜜蜂的溝通模式：（06.06.24、06.12.01、06.12.03）
講小蜜蜂。分為 honeybee和worker bee。講了honeybee是怎麼尋找蜜源和如何告訴同伴蜜源的位置的。開頭先說蜜蜂和 termite 與很多 Species 不同，他們是 social。蜜蜂是一個是由社會分工合作的動物（有題問他們有什麼共同點），交流因此就變得很重要（有題）。然後科學家們就開始用他們的聰明才智研究小蜜蜂了。開始以為是honeybee是靠scent交流，然後某德國科學家研究發現 scout 用舞蹈來告訴工蜂蜜源的遠近，遠的用八字舞，近的用圓圈舞。他因此獲得炸藥獎。交流的內容靠跳 8 字舞或者 circle 區別 distance，而不是食物的類別（有題）。原來 發現蜜蜂找到窩以後跳舞是指示food type，後來發現 more than that。跳舞還指示出了direction and distance。跳舞分兩種一種是 nectar dance 另一種 pollen dance，有一道題問這個的，nectar 是跳圓圈舞，pollen 是跳 8 字舞。但是一直有科學家懷疑 這個說法直到 1989 年，一些科學家為了驗證他的理論做了 machine bees 模仿 scout，就是不去有食物處（這裏有考題問機器蜜蜂和其他小蜜蜂有什麼不同），發現 robot使用這些動作果然可以向工蜂有效傳遞資訊。采蜜只是跳舞來做一些指示。最後發 現了小蜜蜂帶回來的資訊和 wind 無關（這裏有考題問 except 的問題，其他選項是 direction, distance 還有一個忘了）
(取自：字神帝國2007新橘寶書&新托福真經考前點題名師大講堂講義：以下機經皆同學們在網上分享，感謝這些好心的同學，編者只是將其整理，與大家分享，祝福大家有好成績的哦 ^ ^。)
Bees
¨ Flowers provide food for bees. The bees collect tiny grains of pollen and a sweet liquid called nectar from the blossoms they visit. They make honey from the nectar, and use both honey and pollen as food.
¨ During their food-gathering flights, bees spread pollen from one flower to another, thus pollinating (fertilizing) the plants they visit. This enables the plants to reproduce.
The honey bee colony
¨ A typical honey bee colony is made up of one queen, tens of thousands of workers, and a few hundred drones.
¨ Honey bees live in hives. The hive is a storage space, such as a hollow tree or a box, which contains a honeycomb. The honeycomb is a mass of six-sided compartments called cells.
¨ Worker bees build the honeycomb of wax produced by their bodies. The wax oozes through small pores (holes) in the body and forms tiny white flakes on the outside of the abdomen.
¨ They also collect a sticky substance bee glue, from certain kinds of trees.
The body of the honey bee
¨ A bee has five eyes-three small ones that form a triangle on top of its head, and a large compound eye on each side of its head.
¨ Honey bees were the first insects known to be able to distinguish colors. Bees have three kinds of color-sensitive cells in their eyes. These visual cells are especially sensitive to blue, yellow, and ultraviolet rays, which humans cannot see.
¨ The sting of a worker bee is straight, with barbs (hooks) on it. When the bee thrusts the sting into flesh, the barbs hold tight, and the stinger pulls out of the bee's body.
補充： ANIMAL 動物分類詞匯：
Darvinism 達爾文學說
natural selection 自然選擇
class 綱
order 目
family 科
genus 屬
suborder 亞目
species 種
invertebrate 無脊椎動物
vertebrate 脊椎動物
aquatic( life) 水生動物
reptile 爬行動物
amphibian (amphibious animal) 兩棲動物
dinosaur 恐龍
bird 鳥類
extinction 滅絕
mammal 哺乳動物
primates 靈長目動物
insect 昆蟲
antenna (複數 antennae) 觸鬚
larva 幼蟲，幼體
camouflage 偽裝
pest 害蟲
worm 蟲，蠕蟲
hibernate 冬眠
lizard 蜥蜴
chameleon 變色蜥蜴
regeneration 再生
turtle 龜
beast 野獸
domesticate 馴養
predatory (carnivorous ) 食肉的
predator 捕食者
prey （動詞）捕食
（名詞）被捕食的動物
scavenger 食腐動物
migrate 遷移
wing 翅膀，翼
bill （鳥）嘴
beak （鷹等的）嘴
nest 築巢
dolphin 海豚
whale 鯨魚
bat 蝙蝠
gorilla 大猩猩
chimpanzee 黑猩猩
habitat 棲息地
rodent 齧齒動物（如松鼠）
primate 靈長動物
plankton 浮游生物
mollusk 軟體動物
coelenterate 腔腸動物（如珊瑚）
shrimp 小蝦
prawn 對蝦
lobster 對蝦
crab 螃蟹
clam 蛤蜊
sponge 海綿
coral 珊瑚
starfish 海星
canary 金絲雀
chirp (鳥，蟲的叫聲)唧唧
squeak （老鼠等）吱吱
porpoise 海豚
sloth 樹懶
slothful 懶惰的
hygiene 衛生
sanitation 衛生
parasite 寄生蟲
moth 蛾
caterpillar 毛蟲
hordes (昆蟲等)群
swarms (昆蟲等)群
flock （鳥，羊等）群
community 動物的群落或人的部落
herd 獸群
bunch （花等）束，捧
beaver 海狸
monogamous 一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的
polygamous一夫多妻的，一雄多雌的
polyandrous 一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的
trapper 誘捕動物者
rhinoceros 犀牛
niche 小生態環境
vestige 退化器官，遺跡
oyster 牡蠣
fertilizer 使…受精
larvae 幼蟲
tentacle 觸角
homotherm 恒溫動物
poikilotherm 變溫動物
metabolism 新陳代謝
baboon 狒狒
breed (名詞)品種，（動詞）繁殖
multiply （reproduce）繁殖
hatch 孵
spawn (魚、蝦、蛙等)孵
offspring (young) 解剖學
anatomy 解剖學
appetite 食欲
creature 生物
microbe 微生物
herbivorous 食草的
carnivorous 食肉的
omnivorous 雜事的
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精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零參)：■ 一閃一閃亮晶晶，滿天都是小星星：（06.07.29）
■ 星體的形成：（06.07.29）
how stars originated. first son exploded to dust and gas, stars accumulate the gas and crust , that's why some planets are alike. other planet differ...
上課補充知識：
STARS
¨ A star develops from a giant, slowly rotating cloud that consists almost entirely of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium.
¨ Due to the force of its own gravity, the cloud begins to collapse inward, thereby becoming smaller. As the cloud shrinks, it rotates more and more rapidly, just as spinning ice skaters turn more rapidly when they pull in their arms.
¨ Stars are balls of gas that shine or used to shine because of nuclear fusion in their cores.
¨ The most familiar star is the Sun. The nuclear fusion in stars produces a force that pushes the material in a star outward. However, the gravitational attraction of the star’s material for itself pulls the material inward.
¨ A star can remain stable as long as the outward pressure and gravitational force balance.
¨ Astronomers study stars by measuring their brightness or, with more difficulty, their distances from Earth. They measure the “color” of a star—the differences in the star’s brightness from one part of the spectrum to another—to determine its temperature.
¨ They also study the spectrum of a star’s light to determine not only the temperature, but also the chemical makeup of the star’s outer layers.
Stellar evolution
¨ The Sun is a type of star known as a main-sequence star. Eventually, main-sequence stars such as the Sun swell into giant stars and then evolve into tiny, dense, white dwarf stars. Main-sequence stars and giants have a role in the behavior of most variable stars and novas. A star much more massive than the Sun will become a supergiant star, then explode as a supernova. A supernova may leave behind a neutron star or a black hole.
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精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零四)：■ 三隻小鳥在樹上唱hip pop，猜一個字? （06.03.25、06.07.29、06.11.17、06.12.08）
■ 鳥類遷徙：（06.03.25、06.07.29、06.11.17、06.12.08）
關於鳥類遷徙：由於鳥類遷徙時遇到陰天就停下來，好像分不請方向，所以科學家predict 鳥類遷徙靠太陽指引方向。做實驗，用artifical sun 取代 real sun，鳥依然朝artifical sun飛。科學家作試驗看食物是不是另外一種guide導致鳥類的遷徙。結果發現鳥類能否找到食物完全依賴光線，也就是視覺。也就是說食物不能促使鳥類遷徙。另外一個試驗又證明夜晚遷徙的鳥類靠star 來定位。另外一個在什麼天文館做的試驗又證明夜晚遷徙的鳥類靠star 來定位。後面是一個同類的實驗。但是鳥類在向著artifical sun 飛行時，每小時會變換方向15度角，而這也是真實的太陽方向變化的速度，估計是由鳥類自身生物鐘引起的。鳥的生物鐘直接與太陽光強弱有關，白天遷徙的鳥類根據在太陽光線的強弱飛行的距離，太陽下山前鳥類一定會準時到達其預定地點。附帶還記得考的單詞：prediction, core, offset...
在補充知識前，來考考同學好了，
三隻小鳥在樹上唱hip pop，請猜一中文個字?
答案最下面
(精選iBT熱門閱讀真經，取自：字神帝國2007新橘寶書&新托福真經考前點題名師大講堂講義：以下機經皆同學們在網上分享，感謝這些好心的同學，編者只是將其整理，與大家分享，祝福大家有好成績的哦 ^ ^。)
Animal migration
¨ Humpback whales and blue whales make long migrations. They spend the summer in polar oceans, which have plentiful food. In the autumn, they swim toward the equator until they reach the warm tropical seas. There, the females that are pregnant give birth.
Migration Birds Know No Boundaries
¨ The migration of birds is one of the most fascinating and least understood events in nature.
¨ Arctic terns are the champions of long-distance migration. They fly about 11,000 miles (17,700 kilometers) from their breeding grounds in the Arctic to their winter home in the Antarctic.
Why birds migrate
¨ In many parts of the world, the foods that birds eat become scarce during certain seasons of the year. Most birds would starve if they had to remain in such places through the unfavorable season.
¨ Although birds migrate to survive, the factors that actually trigger their migrations are much more difficult to explain. For example, many northern species leave their summer home while the weather is still warm and the food supply plentiful.
¨ Bird migrations are probably regulated by the glandular system. The glands produce chemical substances called hormones.
¨ Changes in hormone production stimulate the birds to migrate. Among some northern species, hormone production is affected by the length of daylight. As the daylight hours shorten, hormonal changes cause the birds to prepare for their migratory flight south.
Birds’ Sense of direction
¨ The question of how migrating birds find their way to the same destination every year has long puzzled and fascinated scientists.
¨ Scientific research has provided several answers to this question. For example, birds that migrate by day follow various landmarks, such as river valleys and mountain ranges.
¨ Experiments have shown that some birds navigate by the stars. Many scientists believe that certain other birds are guided by the earth's magnetic field.
¨ However, discoveries like these raise even more puzzling questions. To navigate by the stars or to be guided by the earth's magnetic field, birds must have highly specialized and highly complicated sensory organs. But scientists do not know what these sensory organs are or how they function.
¨ Princeton biologist Wikelski has found that birds rely on a built-in magnetic compass, which they recalibrate each evening based on the direction of the setting sun.
¨ To maintain that heading throughout the night, they sense the Earth’s magnetic field, just like a pilot uses a compass at night or in bad weather.
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精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零五)：■ 海豚海豚愛上貓 ღ♡（05.12.17）
■ 海豚的智慧：（05.12.17）
介紹了dolphin智力特徵與人的不同，認為人總是用自己的標準來衡量動物的智力水準可能有失偏頗，文章題目都不難，但要細心，尤其是最後一題，給出一系列特徵，讓選擇哪些是人特有的，哪些是dolphin特有的，哪些是共有的
the use of tools
? Several kinds of animals, particularly primates and birds, pick up implements such as twigs and stones and use them to get at food. More rarely, some tool-using animals seek out a particular object and then shape it so that it can be used.
? Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer.
? Woodpecker finches probe for insect grubs by making tools from cactus spines, and chimpanzees sometimes dig for termites using specially prepared twigs.
? This Egyptian vulture holds a stone in its beak in preparation for smashing an ostrich egg. Egyptian vultures are unusual among birds because they use stones as tools for obtaining food.
? Bottlenose dolphins are known to be smart, but a study of tool use has emphasized just how clever these mammals can be. Female dolphins in an Australian bay seem to be learning from their mothers how to stick marine sponges on their noses to help them hunt for fish, researchers say.
? Direct observations have been rare, but researchers think the dolphins use the marine sponges to disturb the sandy sea bottom in their search for prey, while protecting their beaks from abrasion.
Animals』 minds
? A pioneering set of experiments has been important in the revolution in our understanding of animal behavior-a revolution that eroded the behaviorist dogma that only humans have minds.
? These experiments were designed to detect consciousness-that is signs of self-awareness or self-recognition-in animals other than humans.
? The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.
? In the late 1960's, however, psychologist Gordon Gallup devised a test of the sense of self: the mirror test. If an animal were able to recognize its reflection in a mirror as "self", then it could be said to possess an awareness of self, or consciousness.
Dolphin intelligence
? Dolphins are widely believed to be amongst the most intelligent of all animals. A typical statement would be that dolphins are roughly as intelligent as a two-year-old human.
? However, experts in comparative psychology or animal cognition would be reluctant to make any such estimate, as quantitative comparisons of intelligence between species are notoriously difficult to make in principle.
? The ability to possess self-awareness shows highly-developed, abstract thinking. Self-awareness is the precursor to more advanced processes like meta-cognitive reasoning (thinking about thinking) that are typical of humans. Scientific research into self-awareness has suggested that Bottlenose Dolphins possess self-awareness.
? Most animals react to a mirror as if it is another animal. However, like great apes, dolphins have been shown to recognize the mirror image as themselves, by examining the marking on their body.
在鯨類王國裡，要數海豚家族－－海豚科的種類最多了，全世界已知共有30多種。有的種類雖名叫「鯨」，如虎鯨、偽虎鯨，其實也是海豚家族中的成員。
海豚是一類智力發達、非常聰明的動物，它們既不像森林中膽小的動物那樣見人就逃，也不像深山老林中的猛獸那樣遇人就張牙舞爪，海豚總是表現出十分溫順可親的樣子與人接近，比起狗和馬來，它們對待人類有時甚至更為友好。
海豚救落水的人的故事，我們聽了很多很多，海豚與人玩耍、嬉戲的報道也常有所聞，有的故事甚至成為轟動一時的新聞。經過學習訓練的海豚，甚至能模仿某些人的話音。70年代，美國的三位科學家，讓兩頭海豚學會了25個單詞。新近，太平洋海洋基金會的歐文斯博士等4位科學家，對兩頭海豚進行訓練，花了3年時間，教會它們700個英文詞彙。不過有些科學家認為，不能把動物的「語言」或「方言」描繪得太離奇。
不過海豚確實具有與眾不同的智力。它的大腦體積、質量也是動物界中數一數二的。目前，科學家對動物的智力有兩種不同的見解：一種認為黑猩猩是一切動物中最進化、最能幹的；另一種卻認為海豚的智力和學習能力與猿差不多，甚至還要高一些。因而有人稱海豚為「海中智臾」。
為了證實海豚有學習能力，早在1959年，一位名叫利利的人就對一頭海豚做過試驗。他把電極插 入海豚的快感中樞和痛感中樞，當電流通過電極刺激海豚的快感中樞神經或者痛感中樞神經時，會產生快感或痛感。然後訓練海豚觸及其頭上的金屬小片，控制電流 的通斷。如果電極插在海豚的痛感中樞，海豚只要訓練20次就會選擇切斷電源的金屬小片，使痛感消失。而換作猴子的話，則需要數百次訓練才能學會控制開關。 這說明在某些方面海豚是有更強的學習能力。
海豚智商難以測定
海豚能做出各種難度較高的雜技動作，顯然是一種相當聰明的海中動物。但是海豚實際上的智力情況如何呢？心理學上，「智力」一詞大致包含三種意義：一是對於各種不同狀況的適應能力；二是由過往經驗獲取教訓的學習能力；三是利用語言或符號等象徵性事物從事「抽像思考的能力」。
根據觀察野生海豚的行為。以及海豚表演雜技時與人類溝通的情形推測，海豚的適應及學習能力都很強；但目前尚無法證明海豚運用語言或符號進行抽像式的思考。不過即使沒有科學上的確鑿證據，也不能就此認為海豚沒有抽像思考能力。
倘若海豚真的具有抽像思考能力，那麼它究竟是如何運用這種能力?而其程度又是如何?這些都是饒有興趣的問題。但現在，想找出這些問題的答案並不容易，因為即使是人類所擁有的智慧，也還有許多未知之處。
雖然海豚與人一樣都屬於哺乳動物，但因生活的 環境不同，相互接觸的機會不多，故人類對海豚潛在能力的瞭解是很有限的。那麼，人類究竟是採用何種方法來研究並探索海豚的智能呢？目前，大多數都採用下列 兩種方法：一是根據海豚解剖學上的特徵，來推算海豚的潛在能力；二是實際觀察野生海豚的行為，並從行為目的與功能方面著手，推測其智慧的高低。
腦部發達不遜於靈長類
從解剖學的角度來看，海豚的腦部非常發達，不但大而且重。海豚大腦半球上的腦溝縱橫交錯，形成複雜的皺褶,大腦皮質每單位體積的細胞和神經細胞的數目非常多,神經的分佈也相當複雜。例如,大西洋瓶鼻海豚的體重250千克，而腦部重量約為1500克（這個值和成年男性的腦重1400克相近)腦重和體重的比值約為0.6，這個值雖然遠低於人類的1.93，但卻超過大猩猩或猴類等靈長類。
至於海豚大腦半球上由腦溝所形成的皺褶，根據研究顯示，大西洋瓶鼻海豚的皺褶甚至比人類還多，而且更為複雜，它們的大腦皮質表面積為2500平方厘米，是人類的1.5倍.海豚腦部神經細胞有密度與人類或黑猩猩的幾乎沒有差別。換句話說，海豚腦部神經細胞的數目，比人類或黑猩猩的還要多。因此，無論是從腦重量和體重的比，或是從大腦皮質的皺褶數目來看，大西洋瓶鼻海豚腦部的記憶容量，或是信息處理能力，均與靈長類不相上下。
嘗試瞭解海豚的語言
由於海豚大腦的記憶容量和信息處理能力與靈長類動物不相上下，如果人類能與海豚相互溝通，就應該獲得許多有關海洋動物的寶貴資料，並學習到不同的表達和思維模式。與海豚一起潛水就會發現，海豚是相當「聒噪」的動物。根據錄音調查記錄顯示,海豚使用頻率在200-350千赫以上的超聲波的喊叫聲進行「回音定位」，而人類的聽覺範圍介於16-20千赫之間,人類無法聽到海豚回聲定位所發出的超聲波。因此，我們在水中聽到的海豚叫聲，可能是海豚同類間互通消息所使用的部分低頻聲音。
人類要與海豚溝通，先決條件是要瞭解海豚的語言，這樣就必須分析海豚發出的聲音與行為的關聯性。事實上只要有適當的錄音設備就可能進行海豚聲音分析。然而，聲音與行為之間的並聯卻不容易掌握，目前人們還無法確切瞭解海豚發出的各種聲音所包含的含義。
為使人類與海豚溝通，第二種方法是讓海豚學習人類的語言，20多年前，美國海洋大學的專家們就是採用這種方式開發海豚的智能。目前海豚在專家的訓練 下，已經能從訓練人員的手勢中，學習並瞭解單字與復合語句的意義並能作出適當的反應，但尚無法達到能與人自由交換信息的境界。
不論是研究海豚聲音與行為的關聯性，還是教導海豚學習人類的語言，以目前的進展來說，距離人類與海豚互相瞭解、互相溝通的最終目標都還相當的遙遠。
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精選iBT熱門閱讀真經(零零六)：■ 彗星撞地球之人類浩劫，熱映中 （06.02.11）
■ 慧星大毀滅：（06.02.11）
關於彗星的。說在一次展覽sediment的worldwide的什麼會上，專家發現有些地球不多但meteorite上很多的元素，並推測地球上有過一次大的彗星撞擊事件，並最終在Mexico發現一個巨大的crater隕石坑（這裏有題！）。然後scientists認為歷史上的多次生物mass extinction可能由隕石撞擊導致。
Comets
¨ Comets and asteroids are rocky and icy bodies that are smaller than planets.
¨ The distinction between comets, asteroids, and other small bodies in the solar system is a little fuzzy, but generally a comet is icier than an asteroid and has a more elongated orbit.
¨ As a comet approaches the Sun, ice begins to boil, releasing dust and gas from the rocky nucleus.
¨ A comet consists of a solid nucleus (core) surrounded by a cloudy atmosphere called the coma and one or two tails. Most comets are too small or too faint to be seen without a telescope. Some comets, however, become visible to the unaided eye for several weeks as they pass close to the sun.
¨ Some scientists believe that comets originally brought to Earth some of the water and the carbon-based molecules that make up living things.
¨ The nucleus of a comet is a ball of ice and rocky dust particles that resembles a dirty snowball.
¨ This gas and dust forms the comet's coma. Radiation from the sun pushes dust particles away from the coma. These particles form a tail called the dust tail.
¨ At the same time, the solar wind-that is, the flow of high-speed electrically charged particles from the sun-converts some of the comet's gases into ions (charged particles). These ions also stream away from the coma, forming an ion tail.
¨ Astronomers classify comets according to how long they take to orbit the sun. Short-period comets need less than 200 years to complete one orbit, while long-period comets take 200 years or longer.
¨ Comets lose ice and dust each time they return to the inner solar system, leaving behind trails of dusty debris. When Earth passes through one of these trails, the debris become meteors that burn up in the atmosphere. Eventually, some comets lose all their ices. They break up and dissipate into clouds of dust or turn into fragile, inactive objects similar to asteroids.
¨ Scientists learned much about comets by studying Halley's Comet as it passed near Earth in 1986.
Asteroid
¨ Asteroids are rockier bodies and usually have orbits that keep them at always about the same distance from the Sun.
¨ When the solar system was forming, some of the planetesimals came together more toward the center of the solar system. Gravitational forces from the giant planet Jupiter prevented these planetesimals from forming full-fledged planets. Instead, the planetesimals broke up to create thousands of minor planets, or asteroids, that orbit the Sun. Most of them are in the asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, but thousands are in orbits that come closer to Earth or even cross Earth's orbit. Scientists are increasingly aware of potential catastrophes if any of the largest of these asteroids hits Earth.
行星撞地球 破解有方
【聯合報／編譯陳世欽／報導】
2007.02.26 01:52 am
倫敦星期電訊報廿五日報導，科學家認為，電影中擊毀撞向地球的小行星，以免人類滅亡的嘗試可能得不償失。科學家正研發可在小行星表面登陸的太空船，並以挖掘再噴出小行星構成物質的方式改變其行進方向，使之不致與地球相撞。
這種方法與電影舖陳的情節不同，美國航空暨太空總署下個月將在華府的會議中詳加介紹。專家估計，足以毀滅一座城市的近地繞飛小行星大約十萬顆，太空總署至今只能辨認並追蹤其中四千顆。
如果一顆足球場大小的小行星撞擊地球，不但將毀滅撞擊點的周圍地區，使高溫的殘礫噴向大氣層，且將引發海嘯。
專家認為，他們遲早會發現一顆小行星已經進入準備撞擊地球的軌道，一顆直徑四百公尺的小行星甚至極可能卅年內即會進入與地球過於接近的位置。
科學家將在前述為期三天的會議中強調，保衛地球絕對不可能有如影星布魯斯威利在《絕世天劫》一片中，以核彈擊毀一枚即將襲向地球的大型隕石那麼簡單。格拉斯哥大學的拉迪斯表示：「核彈撞擊可能使小行星碎裂，使威脅更加嚴重。此外，我們對這些小行星的成分所知甚少。它們可能以岩石、冰或瓦礫構成。若擊碎一個物體，瓦解後的它必定因為重力之故而再度集結成形。」
太空總署去年以一艘太空船撞擊一顆小行星，歐洲太空總署正在規畫另一次類似的撞擊試驗。亞特蘭大的「太空任務」工程公司受太空總署之託，研究如何在新式工具登陸小行星後，鑽鑿小行星表面，再將砂礫拋向太空，以產生足夠的反作用力，慢慢將小行星推離危險的軌道。
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新托福結構式極速閱讀大講堂---課堂補充知識1：電影的早期歷史 The history of motion pictures
■ 有聲電影的發展：（06.04.08、06.12.15）
關於電影從無聲電影轉變有聲電影時代是一個重要得轉變。說在1920s以前，人們用雖然沒有把臺詞加到電影中，但是聲音早就以鋼琴伴奏的形式加到電影中。其中舉了個例子說某某電影在加了live得music以後大受歡迎。接著又說有聲電影的發展蓋過了電影中其他技術的發展，好像是圖像，拍攝之類的。說其他的這些技術的進步直到1950s才被人所注意。其中考到drastically changed, overshadow這樣的詞。
The history of motion pictures
¨ Since earliest times, people have been interested in portraying things in motion. During the late 1800's, developments in science helped stimulate a series of inventions that led to projected motion pictures on celluloid film.
¨ The first successful photographs of motion were made in 1877 and 1878 by Eadweard Muybridge.
¨ Muybridge took a series of photographs of a running horse. For his project, Muybridge set up a row of cameras (first 12, then 24) with strings attached to their shutters. When the horse ran by, it broke each string in succession, tripping the shutters.
¨ The works, In Jockey on a Galloping Horse, are considered a forerunner of motion pictures.
Thomas Alva Edison’s contribution to Early cinema
¨ Muybridge's feat influenced inventors in several countries to work toward developing devices to record and re-present movie images. These inventors included Thomas Armat and Thomas Alva Edison.
¨ Edison's company displayed the first commercial motion-picture machine in 1893. Edison called his machine the kinetoscope (a term which derived from kinetics, a science that deals with aspects of motion).
¨ It was a cabinet showing unenlarged 35-millimeter black-and-white films running about 90 seconds. An individual watched through a peephole as the film moved on spools.
¨ By its nature, the experience of viewing a motion picture through a kinetoscope was more private, and, in some ways, more voyeuristic.
¨ Kinetoscope parlors opened in a number of cities. However, they were soon replaced by projection machines that threw greatly enlarged pictures on a screen. These new machines allowed many people to view a single film at the same time.
¨ Thomas Edison developed the kinetoscope, but its roots were in another Edison invention, the phonograph. First developed in the 1870s as a business machine to aid dictation, the phonograph amplified sound recorded on cylinders. Phonographs were soon adapted for entertainment purposes, however, and by the early 1890s they were placed in train stations, hotel lobbies, amusement parks, and other public areas. By dropping in a nickel, a person could listen to music or other sound effects through a telephonelike receiver.
Early motion pictures
¨ Film screenings soon became a popular entertainment. In large cities, motion pictures played on vaudeville programs, in music halls, and in amusement arcades. Traveling projectionists brought the films to smaller cities and country towns.
¨ Films were made without recorded synchronized sound. However, exhibitors sometimes accompanied the images with music or lectures, or even used offscreen live actors to provide dialogue. Later, printed titles were inserted within the films. The titles gave dialogue, descriptions of action, or commentary.
¨ At first the “silent movies” were accompanied by piano improvisations and the music played bore no special relationship to the film.
¨ Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
¨ Moreover, in the larger movie theaters, small orchestras were formed.
¨ Edison's company dominated the early years of American moviemaking through its control of patents on filmmaking equipment. Edwin S. Porter, who worked for Edison as a director and cameraman, became a leader in shifting film production from current events toward storytelling. Porter's 1903 film, The Great Train Robbery, portrayed a train robbery and the pursuit and capture of the robbers. The 11-minute Western became a sensational hit.
世界A級國際電影節
n 全世界A級國際電影節目前共有11個。
n 德國.柏林國際電影節：創辦於1951年，於每年的2月7日至18日舉行，最高獎名稱為「金熊獎」；
n 法國.戛納國際電影節：創辦於1939年，於每年的5月10日至21日舉行，最高獎名稱為「金棕櫚獎」；
n 捷克.卡羅維法利國際電影節：創辦於1946年，於每年的7月5日至15日舉行，最高獎名稱為「水晶球獎」；
n 俄羅斯.莫斯科國際電影節：創辦於1959年，於每年的7月16日至29日舉行，最高獎名稱為「聖.喬治獎」；
n 加拿大.蒙特利爾國際電影節：創辦於1977年，於每年的8月25日至9月4日舉行，最高獎名稱為「美洲大獎」；
n 意大利.威尼斯國際電影節：創辦於1931年，於每年的8月30日至9月9日舉行，最高獎名稱為「金獅獎」；
n 西班牙.聖塞巴斯蒂安國際電影節：創辦於1953年，於每年的9月21日至30日舉行，最高獎名稱為「金貝殼獎」；
n 日本.東京國際電影節：創辦於1985年，於每年的10月28日至11月5日舉行，最高獎名稱為「東京大獎」；
n 阿根廷.馬塔布拉塔國際電影節：創辦於1989年，於每年的11月6日至25日舉行，最高獎名稱為「金樹商陸獎」；
n 埃及.開羅國際電影節：創辦於1976年，於每年的11月7日至18日舉行，最高獎名稱為「金字塔獎」；
n 中國.上海國際電影節：創辦於1993年，從今年起每年6月上旬舉行，最高獎名稱為「金爵獎」。
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新托福結構式極速閱讀大講堂---課堂補充知識2：美國政黨發展史 The Development of Political Parties in the U.S.
Development of parties in the United States
¨ American leaders met in Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the Constitution. This document makes no mention of political parties. In fact, George Washington, who presided over the Constitutional Convention, and many other early political leaders opposed their development.
¨ Also, financial problems plagued the new government. The national debt piled up during the Revolutionary War threatened the financial structure of the United States . Americans split over how to deal with the financial problems.
¨ One group, led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, wanted the federal government to take vigorous action.
¨ Another group, headed by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, opposed government participation in economic affairs.
¨ In the 1790's, the disputes over government policies led to the establishment of two political parties in the United States .
¨ Hamilton and his followers, chiefly Northerners, formed the Federalist Party. The party favored a strong federal government and generally backed Britain in international disputes.
¨ Jefferson and his followers, chiefly Southerners, established the Democratic-Republican Party. The party wanted a weak central government and generally sided with France in foreign disputes.
¨ After the 1816 presidential election, the Federalist Party broke up as a national organization, and the Democratic-Republican Party split into several groups. One of the Democratic-Republican groups came under the leadership of Andrew Jackson. By about 1830, Jackson and his followers were known as Democrats.
¨ About 1832, several groups that opposed Jackson combined to form the Whig Party.
¨ During the 1850's, a group of antislavery Americans formed the Republican Party in 1854. Many Democrats and Whigs who opposed slavery left their parties and became Republicans.
¨ From 1860 to 1932, the Republican Party had gained so much strength during the Civil War that the Democrats had great difficulty winning control of the government. In addition, the Republicans repeatedly charged the Democrats with having caused the war and having been disloyal to the Union .
¨ The situation changed after 1929. Just as the Republicans had blamed the Democrats for the Civil War, so the Democrats blamed the Republicans for the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930's.
¨ In the last half of the 1900's, however, neither the Democrats nor the Republicans dominated the presidential elections to any great extent.
Third parties
¨ There have been many third parties in the United States . None of them ever won the presidency.
¨ But many of their proposals gained such widespread public support that the two major parties were forced to adopt them.
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英語考試背景知識&詞匯全修大講堂001~世界文明的起源
World history
Using Fire
¨ Humankind must have made a transition from the passive to the active use of fire.
¨ In the course of this transition, as several commentators have noted, humans changed from an “ecologically secondary” to an “ecologically dominant” species.
Stone Age
¨ Stone Age is a term used to designate the period in all human cultures when people used stone, rather than metal, tools.
¨ The Stone Age began about 21.2 million years ago, when small stones were first made into crude chopping tools. It ended in the Near East (A region of southwest Asia ) about 3000 B.C., when bronze replaced stone as the chief material from which tools were made.
¨ Scientists have divided the Stone Age on the basis of toolmaking techniques into Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic phases.
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Agriculture: revolution or evolution
¨ For most of their early history, humans survived as foragers or hunter-gatherers, gathering wild plants and hunting animals in their natural environment.
¨ Around 10,000 years ago in many areas of the world, there was a shift in human endeavor from foraging to farming. Why this happened is not known, but it appears to have formed the basis of advanced civilization in both the old and new worlds.
¨ The modern theory of the origin of agriculture is really an evolutionary one and not a revolutionary one. Sauer's Premises stated that the hunter-gatherers knew the wild plants, know how they grew, and began to incorporate farming along with foraging as part of an overall food collection strategy.
The Rise of Civilizations
¨ Prehistoric people who learned to farm no longer had to migrate in search of food. Instead, they could settle in one place. Some of their settlements grew to become the world's first cities. People in the cities learned new skills and developed specialized occupations. Some became builders and craftworkers. Others became merchants and priests. Eventually, systems of writing were invented. These developments gave rise to the first civilizations.
¨ Agriculture also stimulated technological and social changes. Farmers invented the hoe, sickle, and other tools to make their work easier.
¨ The hair of domestic animals and fibers from such plants as cotton and flax were used to make the first textiles.
¨ People built ovens to bake the bread they made from cultivated grain and learned to use hotter ovens to harden pottery.
¨ All these early civilizations arose in river valleys, where fertile soil and a readily available water supply made agriculture easier than elsewhere. The valleys were
(1) the Tigris-Euphrates Valley in southwest Asia
(2) the Nile Valley in Egypt
(3) the Indus Valley in what is now Pakistan
(4) the Huang He Valley in northern China
The Tigris-Euphrates Valley
¨ One of the most fertile regions of the ancient world lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq ). The name Mesopotamia is a Greek word meaning “between the rivers.”
¨ Silt deposited by the rivers formed a rich topsoil ideal for growing crops.
¨ By the 5000's B.C., many people had settled in villages in the lower part of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley , an area and ancient country later called Sumer .
¨ By about 2000 B.C., the Sumerians had completely lost all political power to invading Semites. Mesopotamia then broke up into a number of small kingdoms under various Semitic rulers.
¨ The city of Babylon became the center of one kingdom. The Babylonian rulers gradually extended their authority over all Mesopotamian peoples. The greatest Babylonian king was Hammurabi, who ruled from about 1792 to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi developed one of the first law codes in history.
¨ The famous Code of Hammurabi contained nearly 300 legal provisions, including such matters as divorce, false accusation, land and business regulations, and military service.
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Leave the unknown alone! 英語考試背景知識&詞匯全修大講堂002~美國艱辛的建國之路
the Boston Tea Party
¨ The British reaffirmed their right to tax the colonists and gave the East India Company an unfair advantage in the tea trade.
¨ On Dec. 16, 1773, a group of furious American colonists staged the Boston Tea Party to dramatize their opposition.
¨ Dressed as Indians, the colonists boarded East India Company ships and threw tea the ships contained into Boston Harbor .
tea history in America
¨ In 1657, the beverage was sold for the first time in coffee houses in England . Tea went on to become the national drink of the United Kingdom .
¨ When tea first arrived in North America from Asia in 1690, no one seemed to know how to prepare or serve it. There was no such thing in North America as a teapot, and it was not until unglazed stoneware teapots were shipped from China with the tea that the proper vessel for making and serving it became available.
¨ It was only a short time until potters in Europe copied the designs and shapes of the Chinese ware; then silversmiths, pewterers, and porcelain manufactures designed beautiful pots for serving the new beverage, which by the eighteenth century was becoming popular in both Europe and North America .
¨ In 1767, the United Kingdom placed a tax on tea used by American colonists. Colonial resistance to the tax brought about the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and contributed to the American independence movement.
¨ In time, three principal kinds of tea were imported. Green tea was made from the unprocessed or unfermented dried leaves of the same shrub from which black, or fermented, tea was also obtained. A third kind, called oolong, was semifermented and tasted rather like a blend of the green and black.
¨ The use of iced tea and tea bags began in the United States .
The First Continental Congress
¨ On Sept. 5, 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia .
¨ They reaffirmed American loyalty to Britain and agreed that Parliament had the power to direct colonial foreign affairs.
¨ But at the same time, the delegates called for an end to all trade with Britain until Parliament repealed certain laws and taxes.
¨ However, King George shattered hope for reconciliation by insisting that the colonies either submit to British rule or be crushed.
The Revolutionary War begins (1775~1783)
¨ On April 19, 1775, British troops tried to seize or destroy the military supplies of the Massachusetts militia. This action led to the start of the Revolutionary War.
¨ Colonial leaders met in the Second Continental Congress on May 10, 1775.
¨ On June 15, the Congress named George Washington of Virginia commander in chief of the army.
Common Sense
¨ Many people who had been unsure were convinced by reading Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense.
¨ Paine-in this brilliant plea for the cause of freedom-stated the simple alternatives open to the Americans: They must either accept the tyranny of the British Crown or throw off their shackles by proclaiming a republic.
the Declaration of Independence
¨ On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress officially declared independence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence .
¨ Written by Thomas Jefferson, the declaration was a sweeping indictment of the king, Parliament, and the British people.
¨ It said that all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
¨ Finally, on Sept. 3, 1783, the Americans and the British signed the Treaty of Paris of 1783, officially ending the Revolutionary War.
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英語考試背景知識&詞匯全修大講堂003~ 美國內戰 Civil War：An appeal from the ballot to the bullet.
the civil war (1861~1865)
¨ The question of whether to outlaw or allow slavery became an important political and social issue in the early 1800's.
¨ Through the years, a balance between the number of free states (states where slavery was prohibited) and slave states (those where it was allowed) had been sought.
¨ California applied for statehood in 1849. The application triggered debate over whether California should be admitted as a free state or a slave state.
¨ In the early 1860's, 11 Southern states seceded (withdraw) from the Union and established the Confederate States of America .
¨ The president election of 1860 also reflected the nation's division.
¨ The Republican unity helped Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer, win the election on Nov. 6, 1860.
¨ Lincoln had earned a reputation as an opponent of slavery, and his election was unacceptable to the South.
¨ The Northerners, or Yankees (a name applied to the Northerners by U.S. Southerners) had superior financial and industrial strength, and a larger population than the Southerners.
¨ But the South fought valiantly to defend its cause. The South gained the upper hand at first, but the North gradually turned the tide.
¨ Finally, Confederate resistance wore down, and Union armies swept through the South. On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee-the commander of the Confederate Army-surrendered to the Union commander General Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia .
¨ The war also took an emotional toll on the nation. The terrible bloodshed left a heritage of grief and bitterness that declined only slowly and, even today, has not fully disappeared.
¨ On Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. For his effort in freeing the slaves, Lincoln is known as the "Great Emancipator."
¨ And assassin John Wilkes Booth shot him on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next day, less than a week after Lee's surrender.
¨ In a fundamental sense, the Civil War may have been the greatest failure of American democracy. The war, in Lincoln 's words, was an "appeal from the ballot to the bullet."
Results of the civial war
¨ Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States . About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.
¨ Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and border states, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with discouraging slowness.
¨ Moreover, the Civil War changed the ways of waging war. It has been called the first modern war.
¨ The Civil War introduced observation balloons, ironclad ships, mines, and submarines. Railroads and telegraphy were used for the first time in warfare.
¨ About 620,000 soldiers died during the Civil War, almost as many as the combined American dead of all other wars from the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) through the Vietnam War (1957-1975).
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美索不达米亚（苏美尔）文明
[indent]Mesopotamia的背景：美索不达米亚（亚洲西南部小亚细亚地区Tigris和Euphrates 两河流域间的古王国, 今伊拉克所在地）。美索不达米亚古代西南亚介于底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的一个地区，位于现在的伊拉克境内。可能在公元前5000年以前就开始有人在此定居。这一地区孕育了众多的人类早期文明，其中包括苏美尔文明、阿卡德文明、巴比伦文明和亚述文明。蒙古侵略者在公元1258年破坏了该地区发达的灌溉系统之后，这一地区的重要性就此减小。
纳米比亚地区，一种civilization还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egypt civilization的。他们同时存在，有交流，但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样，一个united under 一个什么体制下，另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format。另外两河的文明很少有tangible substance留下来，因为他们的architecture structure与Egypt不一样，对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord,这人不是fiction的，他对他那个city state具有很大的influence，文中讲到的是economic aspect.同时，他传话通过一个叫做人君的人传话。讲Mesopotamia的culture，和Egypt的文化对比。因为两者是两河流域的同时发展起来的文化（考：Mesopotamia文化是独立于Egypt的文化）然后讲述Mesopotamia culture的特点：建筑物没有Egypt的牢固，文化没有文字记载等。有个考题：location of Ur。）
1. astonishing这个词是什么意思？amazing
2. 在公元XXX年，尼罗文化和M文化同时发展。对原文这句话的同意改写。M地很少出现一个唯一的统治者，即使有，掌权时间也是很短暂的。地理上容易受外界侵袭，不像埃及那样，有唯一的统治者。埃及有divine kingship, M地内乱外乱一堆，内乱和外乱是替换。
3. 内乱外侵are its substitute.考察指代，its substitute是什么、我选的devine kingship。即使M地这么乱，它的culture and artistic continuity are remarkable.
4. 那个对m地文化的描述不对？我选的：文化和艺术发展不连续。M地的文字和其他的文化没有什么联系。M地人没有埃及那样对hereafter来世的概念。而且他们的建筑材料是mud and wood, 不持久，虽然在city of Ur.发现了一些富人的坟墓。
5. Ur城市地点在哪里？前一段末尾说M地的什么在两河交流处。本段说m人来自P地，在southern M地。选项记得三个，Egypt, northern M, 两河交汇处。我选的最后一个。
6. 虽然在city of Ur.发现了一些富人的坟墓。这句话的作用？对M地的了解只能通过extraction的东西，上面有vast XXX。
7. vast这个词的意思我选的large number
8. 插入，插入文字：虽然学者们对M地的研究取得了如此成就，我们对M地人的生活了解很有限。M地不同地区有不同的god和human ruler。human ruler带领人们进行祭神的活动。god不仅呼风唤雨，对土地有所有权，而且能够分配人力资源，还能XXX。divine的XXX不是fiction，从M地的神身上就能看出来。M地有divine socialism，神庙条配人力和庄稼。所以说，虽然writing是宗教相关的，我们会发现神庙的记录都是和经济和农业相关的。
9. 对M地神的描述哪个不对？我选的，一个神和另一个神打架。
10. 为什么说那个 divine XXX 不是fiction？答案对应原文，记不清楚了。
11. ….a considerable part of harvest… considerable是什么意思？选表示很多的那个词。
12. 考察全文主要内容的多项选择。
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达尔文进化论
[indent]首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间，因此不可能会被人类观察到。但是最近的一些发现却说明某些物种进化时间很短，可以被科学家所观察。本文则是用了两个relatively short evolution’s examples来support natural selection。
1st: 人为控制条件。有一种鱼，在predator多的时候，life-span, size, mate, reproduction都有变化，为什么变化。然后，再将一部分放入predator少的pool中，offspring发生了很多changes，比如比它们的ancestor size上要大，下egg少了，等等。整个实验耗时11y；
2nd: 自然条件变化。我们需要做的只是observe。讲的是finch，有关它们beak的大小的。cause是lethal drought。自然选择对生物的影响（与达尔文的不同）两个例子，guppy 在predator多和少池塘里生活，大小不同 （offspring 的大小多少）和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large &small) 讲Darwin的nature selection，开始讲到生物的自然演变要经历很长的时间，这种限制是Darwin当时不能用experiment证明nature selection的原因（第一题考），然后讲了现代生物学家发现在短期可以观察到nature selection给动物的一些特性带来的变化。举例时用guppy这种鱼，他们生活在下游时由于predator很多，所以繁殖的速度很快；但当科学家把他们带到上游生活（那里的predator很少），他们的繁殖的速度明显变慢了。
又举了一个bird 的例子，某年，这些鸟类生存的地区气候变迁，某种坚果的产量下降；喙小的鸟只能吃较小的坚果，而喙大的鸟既能吃小的坚果，也能吃大的更硬的坚果；于是更多的喙大的鸟存活了下来。而且，这些存活的鸟的后代的喙都增大了4%。当干旱（drought）时那些站着长而硬的beak的bird往往能生存下来（这里考了个生词decimation＝destruction），这样一来这一地区的这种bird很快都有了长而硬的beak（考：长而硬的beak可以打碎 large size的grain）
开头，达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people to witness.
1. witness是什么意思，选observe
2. 为什么达尔文这么认为？选自然选择要进行很长一段时间。R科学家那guppy做试验。
3. 试验描述guppy总是grow as quickly as possible to mate,产生as many off springs.早熟的代价是life span变短，每个offspring也不能得到太多母guppy的energy。the risk of early death are offset by other risks.说的这一段是什么作用？前一段末尾说了，R put the predications into test.这段是描述试验，测试猜测。
4. offset这个词的意思？balanced。 R又测试，把guppy从捕食者多的地方放到捕食者少的pool里养，他们相对晚熟，活的更久，每窝产更少的蛋，蛋的个头比对比组都大。
5. 对上述内容那个说法不对？对，每窝产更多卵。有些自然选择不需要人的干预就能在短时间内发生。
6. 插入，插入内容是，在这种情况下，生物学家只要活的久就能观察到变化。某地干旱，一对夫妇学者观察那里的一种鸟， birds with small beaks only eat small seeds. birds with long beaks could eat large seeds because their beaks are strong enough to break the large seeds.干旱的时候小种子少，嘴短的鸟死了，嘴长的鸟存活。存活的鸟和第二年的鸟交配，后代的鸟嘴整体变长。雨量又充足的时候，又足够小种子，这个时候，新出生的鸟的鸟嘴又变短了。
7. 长嘴鸟的优势？打碎种子。
8. 鸟嘴和guppy试验的共同点？好像选的都在相对短的时间发生，自然选择人类可以观察到。
9. 雨量充足的日子鸟嘴又变短了，忘了考的什么题目。
10. 考察全文主要内容的多选
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[b]听力部分（共有六篇文章）[/b]
Conversation: ID Problem
[indent]女学生丢了钱包，里面有她的student id, meal card & key等东西，无法回寝室。于是去student service办id card，门口的管理员不让她进去，说没有id card不能进去，要么出示驾照，要么是有头像照片的本本，比如护照什么的。但是女生说，我的钱包丢了，id card没了，护照也在dorm里面，而没有id card，dorm不让进。后来女说这个问题她和dorm负责人说过，有email 到这里做说明，staff查了查，果然如此，然后staff又说如果你能正确说出passport 的number，就让她进去，女学生从容的说出了number，staff放行了。MM又说了：她的meal card也掉了.管理员说:你在里面办ID的时候也可以顺便办了meal card. MM说：你真的是帮了我很大的忙啊! 管理员:if you have some other problems, I am glad to help you. MM: oh, you help!(降调的)有考到态度题，问MM为什么这么说？(记得两选项：1.MM怀疑这个管理员是不是能帮他. 2.MM在解决了所有的问题之后如释重负。）
[/indent]Lecture: 浪漫主义诗歌
[indent]主要讲了18-19 世纪英国浪漫主义(Romanticism)诗歌的代表人Wardsworth的诗。他是浪漫主义的鼻祖，但浪漫主义这个称谓是后人加上的，不是他们本身这样称呼自己的（此处出题）。浪漫主义不是我们平时理解的浪漫，和男女之间的爱情无关。浪漫主义针对的是普通人而不是少数受过教育的人，用的是简单语言，描述的是日常生活中常见的事物，孩子，人类情感，以及自然和人类之间的互动。教授以自己为例，说自己在散步时感受到了这种互动（此处出题）与浪漫主义针锋相对的一种风格是neo-classism，也是那位浪漫主义的鼻祖很反对的。Neo-classism 使用太多的elaboration，如sky不叫sky，而叫blue什么的；bird不叫bird，而叫feathered person。教授把该诗人的作品分为三个阶段。早期的浪漫主义作品，主要描述植物的(花与草)诗歌。中期时是对一些社会现象的评论。后期时对早期的作品进行修改。目前文学界还是认为它早期的作品是最好的。（教授还说，他的诗越写到后来就越糟糕，反而早期的比较好，本文重点讲了他第一阶段的诗）。
[/indent]Lecture: 神经元
[indent]讲glial cell（神经胶质细胞）。以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron（神经元），也叫nerve cell。让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容，男生说神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点，有趣的是…说到这里被教授打断，说他答得已经很完整了（有题，问教授打断他的用意）。神经元被认为起主要作用，神经胶质细胞glial cell研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons，起辅助作用。后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell比神经元的数目多很多，glial cell引起了科学家的重视，开始研究它究竟起什么作用（此处出题，问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的）。后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用，不是通过生物电electrical signal，而是化学物质传导chemical conductor（一说chemical communication）（此处出题）。于是总共有三种传导方式，神经细胞间，胶质细胞间，神经和胶质细胞互相传导。后来谈到glial cell可能的作用：使人更聪明,越多智商越高，但这不确定。对glial cell的认识目前十分有限，但相关研究已经开始流行，是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题（此处出题）
[/indent]Conversation: 鸟的迁徙
[indent]男学生找黑人女教授。开始的目的是拿笔记，男生问问题说他找不到足够的 resource来写他的论文，女教授说“你找不到足够的材料来写你的鸟类迁徙的论文？”（有题：问教授这话什么意思，答案是她认为找resource应该easy）。男生说因为他要写得paper是关于古代鸟类迁徙的，所以资料不够。教授的说：“哦你确实找到了一个好的题目，但是你要知道我的要求是你们的论文要反映你们这学期学了什么。”于是建议：不必完全抛弃原来题目，可把古代的鸟类迁徙改成现在最近的鸟类迁徙，这样就好找材料了，也符合要求。（问教授如何帮助了男生，答案如前所述）学生又说某个鸟类，大家认为他们冬眠，但是实际上可能有其他可能性，也许小鸟晚上迁徙，或者小鸟在大鸟的庇护下迁徙，自己也想研究这个方面，老师说要求只写15页（大概吧），就不要讲那么多别的了。学生采纳了这两个意见。（有题）
[/indent]Lecture: 大王花
[indent]植物分类归属问题，单靠外观是不能判断的，相似的植物不一定是一类，反之亦然。说了印度的某一种吃肉的大红花，给了图片（图片有点恶心）。这花的特点：
（1）大。直径 1米；
（2）发出气味，能把苍蝇吸引过来。
一开始根据它的这两个特征，将它归类到一个order（这个属种都很大的花），后来发现不对。学生提问不能测DNA吗，教授说这种大花基本不进行光合作用，没法提取一般植物能提取到的DNA。后来终于找到了它的营地，但是这个属种（好像有violate, willow之类）的花都很小，而且没有异味。所以，结论，不可以貌取人。后来又讲了这种花很有可能灭绝，原因是要fly帮忙运花粉，要同种的花在一起，要这些条件同时发生，是小概率事件。
[/indent]Lecture: ragtime music
[indent]ragtime music和piano。ragtime music在某个时期很流行（like Rock & Roll在某一时期一样），那个年代年轻人很喜欢这种音乐。然后讲到piano，说piano可以很好的诠释这种音乐，再加上，那个年代，大家都没钱，就去public concert or restaurant什么的听音乐，而piano声音够响亮，又和ragtime music rhythm搭配的天衣无缝，所以，两者相得益彰。后来流动演出，piano不方便，慢慢被其他乐器替代。同时，此乐也是 jazz的前身，有学生提出同Jazz比，教授说是jazz是improvise的，因为演奏者不按牌理出牌，一首曲子由七个人弹，弹出七种调。这种ragtime音乐影响很远啊，例如现在的jazz就是从那发展来的。
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[color=black]写了一下午作文...手好痛.....[/color]
希望这些资料能帮助大家....祝大家复习愉快....
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这贴是不是应该放在备考资源区....::z8
word版的附件太大了..有4M..传不上来啊....::z8
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[[i] 本帖最后由 zfzxzzza 于 2007-10-6 22:33 编辑 [/i]] 真的很不错 转得好
PS.
再这里谢谢康老师~ 好帖子，要是简体就更nice了::31 不是简体啊..........有点遗憾.....::z1 ::11 赞一个 这是好东西~ 感谢楼主MM分享。
能不能粘在word文档供大家下载就更好啦。 关键时刻还是torpark，在教育网中，封的网站更多，TOR就没事。
现在我还用1.5.0.x的版本呢，2.0以上的MS在校内上不了。 赞一下，谢谢啦！！！ word文档 支持::11 知道自己有些落伍，但是还是弱弱的问，谁是康老师啊？久闻大名已久了～～ [quote]原帖由 [i]静馨茹水[/i] 于 2007-8-18 10:18 发表 [url=http://bbs.taisha.org/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=9368152&ptid=882791][img]http://bbs.taisha.org/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]
好帖子，要是简体就更nice了::31 [/quote]
......作者台湾那边的...所以是繁体.... [quote]原帖由 [i]tracy24[/i] 于 2007-8-20 07:50 发表 [url=http://bbs.taisha.org/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=9379991&ptid=882791][img]http://bbs.taisha.org/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]
知道自己有些落伍，但是还是弱弱的问，谁是康老师啊？久闻大名已久了～～ [/quote]
似乎是台湾那边某个教育专家...某个学院创始人...在北美考试方面特别是TEOFL考试方面在台湾挺有名的.... 我想上传WORD版的....但是太大了...大家有没办法呢...? lz用WinRAR把要传的文件分几部分压缩成小于2M的就可以上传了 [quote]原帖由 [i]lsuclxaut[/i] 于 2007-8-21 11:25 发表 [url=http://bbs.taisha.org/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=9388694&ptid=882791][img]http://bbs.taisha.org/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]
lz用WinRAR把要传的文件分几部分压缩成小于2M的就可以上传了 [/quote]
你是精灵王..我是精灵....上传限度和你不一样啊.... 有更新的吗? 这个，好多了。没看，谢 赞！！！顶！！！谢谢了！！！ 赞一下，辛苦 郁闷，用火狐浏览器加一个secure login扩展结果发帖认证1＋1＝？还得禁用扩展。。。 狂赞！~~
我去年还能上去康老师的网站~~现在上不去了！~~可恶的屏蔽！！！
悲哀的中国通信啊~~~555 lz分包压缩上传吧！~~好人啊！~~ 不错，就是繁体看着来。其实大家可以在word里简繁转换一下！~ 谢谢
不过繁体看的还真累
转换一下再看比较好 thanx ~~ ::p7 ::p7 ::31 ::31 ::31 ::31 ::31 ::31 BULL MAN !! AWESOME !! 这么好的东西~~LZ真好~~！::83 等更新阿更新~~拜托LZ拉~~！ 谢谢ＬＺ了::81 感谢楼主~~伟大！加油~ 等更新阿更新~~ ::81 ::81 ::81 谢谢楼主分享 这个不错的，就是不知道原始连接是什么，这样北美的可以直接上blog看看！！ 康老师的blog可以用这个代理进去
如题,
[url]http://bbs.taisha.org/thread-894833-1-1.html[/url]
try it!! 收下啦，谢谢～ 谢谢楼主啦，大好人，呵呵：)