北美范文的破题策略（完整下载版）
[size=6][color=blue][b]我也懒得续来续去的，一次放在附件里，是我总结的十一种破题策略，希望对大家有帮助。祝大家新春快乐哈～～[/b][/color][/size]很多人都会问，《北美范文》该如何使用。我认为可以从两方面入手：一是重点看每篇范'og2\.m*c T XSs
文的第一段，学习范文的破题策略；二是对范文中精彩的句子和词汇进行模仿和使用。只
要坚持做这两项工作，半年内，写作能力必有显著提高。 byS J NZ6?:_6w;`
破题策略方面，我自己总结出了15种，基本上囊括了所有的issue范文。考生可以在学习每 X1^I{+{ H^ K.p
一种思路后，尝试将这种思路应用到手头的issue上，举一反三。!BTr W8IN2b&z
现在先推出5种思路，如果大家觉得有用，再陆续推出余下的10种。
破题策略一：基本同意，细节有异议
原则上同意作者观点，但观点涉及到具体问题时有保留。结构上，先肯定大的原则，然后
具体讨论那些情况下会有问题。这种策略适合的问题往往有一个大的框架，又有一些特殊
的个案。这种策略就是很多参考书都提到的平衡观点，是最常见的一种策略。优点在于层 [K"r+eS l}
次比较简单明了，缺点则是不容易写出特色。5A,b(F5uG2E.`c
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31 "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the "x o? E9DY
results of that research are controversial." 22:j e Y@&j(xw o'm
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I agree with the speaker's broad assertion that money spent on research is gen ej r*\?A"|
erally money well invested. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this br
oad assertion to embrace research whose results are "controversial," while ign C%~9_?z c `)[Zq
oring certain compelling reasons why some types of research might be unjustifi
able. My points of contention with the speaker involve the fundamental objecti3J,n+{z~6{]Gl
ves and nature of research, as discussed below.
作者的立论思路是顺应原命题的结构形成的。首先肯定命题前半部分所提出的大前提，然 p$h8o1y.d4A ~)bN7P |'K
后对后半部分的特殊情况提出质疑。考生在构思的时候也应该注意观察原命题的结构，从
中获得启发，提出有说服力的观点。
8 It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold inf
ormation from the public. 37 i E Y0H lT r
I agree with the speaker that it is sometimes necessary, and even desirable, f
or political leaders to withhold information from the public. A contrary view (?2Y.Nqk MK0^7f
would reveal a naiveté about the inherent nature of public politics, and aboufv7y8Z2p.w,KC
t the sorts of compromises on the part of well-intentioned political leaders n |%s]'zb*A3c^6S
ecessary in order to further the public's ultimate interests. Nevertheless, we L3i m!Y g&n
must not allow our political leaders undue freedom to with-hold information,
otherwise, we risk sanctioning demagoguery and undermining the philosophical u
nderpinnings of any democratic society.
在肯定命题的基础上，作者提出需要警惕的极端情况。一方面承认公共政治对适当隐瞒的
需求，另一方面又指出过度隐瞒可能对民主基石的威胁。这种对平衡与妥协的把握，恰好
反映了GRE作文所要求的思想深度。 S `q+u E,x@x
]t c3jk!w5Z
策略二：分拆命题
将一个命题分拆为几个分命题，然后逐个否定或肯定。分拆的过程往往需要相当的经验和
分析能力。一旦分拆成功，一个论证框架就浮现了。 |L0xw2[ ZZd
"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support_7H u7`3[#G%L
they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nationW W*i,pe/e
's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."
The speaker's claim is actually threefold: (1) ensuring the survival of large ;~ _ { FT x(Zo
cities and, in turn, that of cultural traditions, is a proper function of goveI9y|)_s5C
rnment; (2) government support is needed for our large dries and cultural trad
itions to survive and thrive; and (3) cultural traditions are preserved and ge
nerated primarily in our large cities. I strongly disagree with all three clai
ms.
这是作者一个颇具创新的开头方式，即对原命题进行分拆，并以序号列点的形式陈述。这
样做不仅能完成考试所要求的对问题复杂性的探索，而且能自然的搭建论证的框架。我们
可以想象，这篇范文的中间三段将分别批驳分拆后的三个分命题。当然，要做好分拆命题
的工作需要相当的功底和经验；由于这种分析方法十分有特色，因此很值得读者尝试。%l s;t!K'`p{t
"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only !M2p+YH5H'Xw.T2q Hl
tools of human minds."
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This statement actually consists of a series of three related claims: (1) mach
ines are tools of human minds; (2) human minds will always be superior to mach `"T E:|3O$e*o Bt
ines; and (3) it is because machines are human tools that human minds will alwY W^/s L
ays be superior to machines. While I concede the fn:st claim, whether I agree
with the other two claims depends partly on how one defines "superiority," andh#x ]Oi/\8i
partly on how willing one is to humble oneself to the unknown future scenario4[.X T)f a6W*a8r
s.
这段开头的方式也是分拆命题，不同的是，作者并没有全部否定分命题，而是区别对待。$C-A%g)\8F-s
但通过分拆主题而呈现的框架也很明显。另外，作者还用到另一个重要的策略“语理分析
”，我们再后面会提及。 g*` g$j}.K bV q
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策略三 具体情况具体分析2]k p9B9v t'v8i:`N
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指出命题在某些方面和个案上是成立的，而在另一些情况则不成立。这种策略的应用相当
广泛，有助于我们将一个抽象的问题具体化，并建构一个清晰的论证框架。 t&| ^u? I5X&@
"Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve.
Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world."
In today's world is practicality our idol---one which all powers and talents m/?8Se*|&Z[7f"{ |(h/u
ust serve. While this claim has considerable merit with respect to most areas 7mEw St/`7Z Z
of human endeavor--including education, art, and politics--I take exception wi
th the claim when it comes to the direction of scientific research today.0H\2nE `0f2S
作者指出命题在教育、艺术和政治等领域有一定道理，而在科研方面却不成立。这样在某6h'\)H3p? m
些具体方面命题成立，另一些具体方面命题不成立的处理手法，在北美范文中十分常见。
这样写可以体现出作者对命题的较深入的思考和对问题复杂性的认识，同时又能够构建一
个清晰的框架，读者应该重点模仿学习。
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"Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that per3JTi+EZn'Z'c~
sonal economic success requires conformity."
Personal economic success might be due either to one's investment strategy or &P4{1s j"kN Z
to one's work or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enou
gh risk tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformist2i YOi6t,`0i1e&w
s. With respect to the latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succeeD*hEUy
d in newer industries where markets and technology are in constant flux, confo
rmists are more likely to succeed in traditional service industries ensconced
in systems and regulations.
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作者通过分析影响个人经济成功的因素来将问题分为两部分进行分别讨论。4[Vh5X*{:VW%r*X
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策略四 w1s4mk{y8d x
探索其他可能性$v3o&C~.N_{
"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or grou
ps of people have a diminished sense of who they are. "
The speaker asserts that rituals and ceremonies are needed for any culture or /Q4_D~Z r/?
group of people to retain a strong sense of identity. I agree that one purpose
of ritual and ceremony is to preserve cultural identity, at least in modern t8U5i w_S;M
imes. However, this is not their sole purpose; nor are ritual and ceremony the
only means of preserving cultural identity.
原命题指出“仪式和典礼帮助定义文化。”对于这个命题，作者并不否定，但却从两方面
，通过探索其他可能性，来提出新的观点。首先是仪式和典礼的目的除了定义文化，还有\(Vc |7R \
没有其他；其次是除了仪式和典礼，还有没有其他机制能帮助定义文化。这两个问题的提
出就大大开拓了我们的思路，为写出一篇内容丰富的文章奠定基础。H(W3J}_ e&r ` U It
b n ^4I[rU p
"It is primarily through formal education that a culture tries to perpetuate tW$?-B;I{W{
he ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears."
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The speaker asserts that a culture perpetuates the ideas it favors while discr
editing those it fears primarily through formal education. I agree that grade-
school, and even high-school education involves cultural indoctrination. OthergH/q#r0^%m
wise, I think the speaker misunderstands the role of higher education, and ove%g_md2Sa8}~
rlooks other means by which a culture achieves these ends.
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这里的最后一句话就为作者在后文讨论其他可能性埋下伏笔。
探索其他可能性的方法对于帮**生开拓思路，丰富内容，提出具有原创性的观点十分有.q f ? _?
用。
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策略五z J y5Wim!M-II w z
语理分析
先指出命题中某个概念有多种诠释的可能，并以此作为立论的框架 63 qW"kc,_4q9m
"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinat
ions, or the dictates of our passions."
Can we alter facts according to our wishes or inclinations? If by "facts" the
speaker means such phenomena as political, economic, social, or legal status qdJ2L$ajr&xo)H,Y
uo, then I concede that we can alter facts. The reason for this is that such s HA'[/y ~~SEal
ystems are abstract constructs of our inclinations, wishes, and passions to be_m `9w O6N$G
gin with. Otherwise, I strongly agree with the speaker that we cannot alter fa
cts. When it comes to certain aspect of our personal lives, and to historical .Exd4S?1N F fM/t B
events and scientific truths, no measure of desire or even passion can change n0@.m@S Dt x
external reality.
作者在处理这道十分抽象的关于“fact”的问题时，并没有笼统的提出一个立场，而是首
先澄清这里的“fact”到底是指什么。这里用到的技巧就是传说中的“语理分析”。当题!I-i U(n$B2L{ ?
目中出现fact这类抽象字眼时，我们可以先对它作出具体化的澄清，然后根据对“fact”
的几种不同的理解，而形成一个论证框架。这是一个非常有效的解题方法，应该引起读者
足够的重视。/w9B)M6] `%w!OfL
9z U0E!t/[ mh"H
"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain co
nsistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who i
s quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish l
ittle."z'Y5g4a'm
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Whether effective leadership requires that a leader consistently follow his or
her principles and objectives is a complex issue--one that is tied up in the
problem of defining effective leadership in the first place. In addressing the\ L7`;x*WC3TQ
issue it is helpful to consider, in turn, three distinct forms of leadership:
business, political, and social-spiritual. hj1wwo H
作者认为问题很复杂是因为一个关键的概念领导人效率不好定义。接下来，作者提出领导
才能的三种不同的形式，并在具体场景下讨论概念的定义问题。因此，这个分析同时用到
了具体情况具体分析和引用新概念这两种策略。 :loveliness:
[[i] 本帖最后由 tesolchina 于 2008-2-10 21:10 编辑 [/i]] 呵呵，支持老师的更新~~~ LZ写的很有意境， 搬个板凳跟连载。说啥这作文分儿也要提上去！！！::97 ::97 ::97 ::97 支持LZ。0oAZjS$Pv XR!Y
总结是最有用的。 我很同意这样得分类，不过我只分出六类来::z2 thanks 老师太帅了！！ 支持老师！ 支持老师！ 支持老师！支持老师！ 谢谢！～～ 先re后看%S[6i+lj s+^8N
慢慢学习 呵呵 *** 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽 *** ding~好方法 期待第二篇 看了几天的北美范文，感觉嗯。。。lz很有道理，强人啊 等待后续~~~ LZ写的很有启发性呢。。。。期待接下来的十种 不得不赞啊~~ 很有收获哦~~~ 先顶后看~~ 内什么，一定要半年么……
::z8 喵~我也米有半年了。。。扳手之都都能数过来)h#J2E O;N7A
期待楼主的后十！！！
my practise
"If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present."DI%uCc|S6@3H
破题策略一：基本同意，细节有异议
I agree with The reason that people disregard the great works of the past is these works no longer answer the needs of the present. However, the speaker ignore certain compelling reasons why some types of these work might be disregarded. My points of contention with the speaker involve the fundamental objectives and nature of great work, as discussed below.\ KY vBo
I agree with the speaker that If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present. A contrary view would reveal a narrow mind about the worth of great work.... Nevertheless, we must not use usability as only standard to judge great work of past, otherwise, we risk sanctioning philistinism and understating the aesthetic value of past work. }^,|*Bw#~$Sd
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策略二：分拆命题
The speaker's claim is actually twofold: (1) great works of the past no longer answer the needs of the present. (2) This is reason that people disregard them. I strongly disagree with all two claims.*uz$z Y N
This statement actually consists of a series of two related claims: (1) great works of the past no longer answer the needs of the present. (2) This is the reason that people disregard them. While I concede the first claim, whether I agree with the other claim depends partly on how one defines "people", and what kinds of people like to humble herself to the obscure works of past.1]Bk&OG
策略三 具体情况具体分析
In today's world is practicality our idol---work of past that not answer the need of present will be disregarded . While this claim has considerable merit with respect to many areas --including political study,technology. I take exception with the claim when it comes to the direction of archeologic research today. ] d\5jl|
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策略四 探索其他可能性,{t~ vcn
The speaker asserts that The reason that people disregard the great works of the past is these works no longer answer the needs of the present. I agree that the demands of the present is import factor, at least in modern times. However, this is not their sole foctor; nor are needs of the present only standard to evaluate great works.
策略五 语理分析
Whether people disregard the great works of the past is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present? If by "people" the speaker means modern people who are living in a busy and stressful world, then I concede needs of present is important factor.We often read very little and only look at materials that are of direct interest to our daily life. Otherwise, I strongly disagree with the speaker that evaluation on work is based on demands of present. art history researcher ....
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Whether the great works of the past are disregarded by people because of failing to answer the needs of the present is a complex issue--one that is tied up in the problem of judgement of work in the first place. In addressing the issue it is helpful to consider, in turn, three distinct aspects for evaluating work of past: usability, asthetics, and social enlightenment.] j~+o8Z9|&MsYl
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[[i] 本帖最后由 fibundle 于 2008-2-19 14:56 编辑 [/i]] 已看，太感谢楼主！！！ 破题真的很重要啊，谢谢老师。 好东西，谢谢 啥老师啊？？？ 很有收获，3.4 号现在issue还不知道该如何下手写；郁闷 谢谢 下了慢慢看 请问你的这个北美范文是书里的原文吗？如果是，偶就不买书了，呵呵，谢谢
回复 1# tesolchina 的贴子
太好了,谢谢分享 很受启发，没思路字数就上不去呀 谢谢！！！ 顶牛牛了 期待另外的十个.........3KS for sharing::81 ::81 谢谢！学习中~ ::ts哈哈，楼主太有才啦。先支持一个~！ 看看啊~~~~ THANKS 好东西，对破题极有启发
::81 3月20号
加油！