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大 中
小 发表于 2008-7-22 23:32 只看该作者
求拍
如题。
上次考得太差，3分 。回去研究了评分标准，似乎唯一的解释是论证不好。请大家帮忙看看论证。
当然，觉得哪里不对的尽管拍！多谢！！
issue: 1
1.
"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."
Some people believe that students would better study with people who have the same view with themselves instead of those who owns contradictory ideas because disagreement among the group gives individuals stress and leads to inhibit further learning. As far as I am concerned, I concede that for some people, controversy might cause stressful atmosphere and influence efficiency of learning. However, knowledge obtained from the people with the same view is not always more than the one gained from the people who stand in opposite position in discussion.
Admittedly, due to the human nature, disagreement could bring pressure to the learner and put impediments in his learning. (People usually tend to stay with persons who are willing to share views and consequently, they are more likely to discuss further questions and discover new issue that should be cleared since they have similar minds and ways of thinking.)解释原因 （A Chinese old saying can illustrate this point vividly:” things should be classified by their attributes and persons would gather with the similar minds”.）引用俗语 Moreover, （compliments are analogous to warm sunshine while criticism is parallel to cold ice）类比. In that case, none prefers to stay with the people who criticize him all the time. （This is especially true when it comes to paedeutics. Children are more likely to gain progress when they are encouraged by adults. It is widely accepted that encouragement could enhance the children’s self-confidence and inspire the interest of learning. That is the reason why teachers are encouraged to give compliments to children when they are in schools.）举例论证，但是是一般事例；不是名人逸事
However, even if disagreement prevents learning and cause pressure, we cannot infer here by that people learn more with the persons with the same views than with those who have opposite points. First of all,（分论点一）opposite point of view may not bring stress to every student. In fact, there are amount of students who are pleased to hear different perspectives. According to understand the reasoning of their arguments, these perspectives could kindle ones’ inspiration and make himself discover new ideas which help him achieve more progresses. Secondly, （分论点二）even if the stress is born due to different ideas, it probably improves individuals’ learning. Since everyone has different responses when he encounters disagreement from others, not all the students will be inhibited learning. To some extent, an appropriate amount of stress could exploit one’s potential. （An recent survey conducted among college students by the educational administration of Wuhan University has reported that among more than half of the students who achieved high scores, more than 80% contents of the text book are recited in 10 days before the examination date. This statistics suggests that in front of stress caused by final exam, most students can exert their potential in memorizing instead of failing in exam.）列数据 It is not difficult to conclude that stresses may not inhibit learning.
In fact, whether disagreement impedes learning or not largely depends on individual cases. There are more than one factor determining. Everyone has special way of learning according to his habits and strongpoint. Some people might feel lack of challenge when he realizes that no one has contradictory ideas while others are likely to discuss with fellows who has the same interest with themselves because they have difficulty in talking and debating with other members. One’s character, the way of thought and background of his growth could influence learning habit. （Take my tutor Ms. Huang, who publishes the most research papers per year in our lab, for example. She usually encourages us to read research papers and bring out our understandings and perspectives on the issues in seminar. As long as we present different point of view and question her ideas, she is very pleased have a discussion with us and sometimes, even serve us a meal when she finds new inspirations from our questions. Ms. Huang prefers to search others’ different views to broaden her sight and improve her research.）举例论证一 In contrast, （Prof. Chen, another excellent tutor in our lab, would like to gather the students who research under the same task and are combined into a group to work together. In that way, students of junior grade can learn from their colleges from senior grade directly. This improves their study efficiency as well）. 举例论证二
In conclusion, disagreement could bring out discovery and improvement in learning although it might cause pressure for beginners sometimes. Furthermore, we would better keep balance between sharing common thoughts when we are studying and trying to discover new ideas while facing contradictory views.
167. It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.
For most politicians, it is difficult to present the truth to the public no matter where and when they are. Therefore, there has been a conclusion that complete honesty is useless for a politician. As far as I am concerned, however, it is honesty that is an indispensable virtue for political leaders though politicians cannot publish the true information in certain circumstances.
Admittedly, as the representative of certain party or nation, it is necessary for a political leader to keep parts of critical information secret. (Since any politician is supported by a political party or nation, what he says and does has tight contact with the future of the group. Besides performing responsibility of a political leader, he has to protect the interest of his team and maximize the profit obtained by his group. Therefore, in some exceptive cases, it is unrealistic for a politician to speak out underlying information. ) 解释原因（For instance, an official from national defense department is not allowed to leak the positions of martial defense and magazines when he is interviewed by foreign reporters; A candidate running for president of the country can hardly tell the strategy for election to his rival; Of course, a would-be leader will not tell his electorates that some of his promises might not be performed in one year.）归纳法 （Nevertheless, politician who always says true information that should not be revealed is more likely to get into trouble. He probably not only fails to achieve his aim but is also troubled by negative influence followed by his words. What’s worse, it might lead to shock of the government or an international war.）反证法
However, from the action of some political leaders, we cannot infer that honesty is of no use for all politicians at all. First of all（分论点一）, for most effective politicians, they dose not agree that dishonesty could be accepted among political circles. Deng Xiaoping, the father of reformed-open policy in Chinese economy, has ever said: “loyalty to the truth is the essence of the government.” when he realized that dishonesty of political officers had brought overwhelming serious disasters to both government and citizens. According to tragedies happening due to the wrong leadership, he believes that telling lies and distorting facts will make a leader to mistake decline of domestic economy with economical development. Secondly（分论点二）, for the citizens who support the government with their paid taxes, none is willing to be cheated and to advocate a fraud to be the leader. In common sense, a would-be leader is elected as outstanding person with high level of morality. A person with no honesty is usually looked down upon, not mention to be selected as political leader. In addition（分论点三）, If all of the political leaders tells lies and follow the false policy, it might lead to collapse of the whole country with depression of economy and disorder of government. （Take the disaster of SARS happening in 2003 for instance举例论证. It is disappointed that the former prime minister of Public Health failed to reveals the true situation of the epidemic disease. Instead of reporting the statistics of infected patients and immediately, he acclaimed that SARS is just a kind of common flu. It led to soaring in death caused by SARS. ）In contrast, if every officer could be honest when they encounter this emergency, the tragedy would not happened at all.
In addition, the argument fails to differentiate the two concepts of “not telling the truth all the time” and “dishonesty”. （It equals the former with the latter. However, these two actions has totally different meanings.）进一步解释，不知是否罗嗦 （Sometimes we observed that politicians avoid telling the whole story or give reports partially for the sake of keeping confidential information, but they do not distribute false information with subject view or distort the truth with personal imagination. All they present comes from objective facts. Therefore, we admit that they are still honesty to the public, holding the useful virtue. On the contrary, dishonesty contradicts the bottom line of human ethic. No matter whether the person is a political leader or not, morality requests him to be honest to his boss, families and colleagues. Otherwise, he will not receive regards and compliment from others and be excluded in his group because he is considered as a person with no basic morality.）正反说明 （Enron, which is notorious because of financial scandal, can illustrate this point very well. The accountants in this corporation alternated the statistics on the accounts so that the false information could bring up the stock price. At last Enron went bankrupted and its financial staffs suffer from unemployment because no company is willing to hire the employees who have no honesty.）举例论证
In sum, at personal level, honesty is bottom line of ethic and at the community level, honesty is one of the indispensable virtues for political leaders. As a politician, he is request to keep honest attitude when he faces his conscience while sometimes it is accepted that he avoids truth in order to minimize negative influences.
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