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这文章写的都只是个人的一些观点，欢迎大家批驳。
近来开始在bbs.taisha.org上面蜗居着，以改作文为乐。发现主要有这么几个问题：基本语法错误；中式思维痕迹；正式文体格式；词汇使用不当。
基本语法错误，这个很多人都有体会的，我也不用细说。有些写到了500多词的文章，明摆着挑战GT作文的文章，里面还是免不了有那么两三个语法基本的语法错误。所以大家这一点上还是要注意。
中式思维痕迹，这个错误可能不知不觉就铸成了，而且自己往往觉得还没什么。殊不知grammatically correct（文法正确）并不代表你措辞就一定地道，同一个陈述老美的表达跟你可能就有区别，而往往来说是你的思路过于中式导致的，像什么more and more就是典型该被批判的例子。这点不太好改，因为很多年下来很多人已经有了习惯了，所以可以看看“Friends”（《老友记》）等等电视剧去习惯和感觉一下。还有一个是我在改作文的时候发现的，也是和我高级读写英语老师达成的共识，就是一个句子从英文语法上来看很可能文法不通顺、有错误，不太理解要表达什么意思，但若是把每个词都翻译成中文，语序都不用调换就是那么一句通顺流畅的中文，那原来那个英文句子一般都是受到严重的中文思想的侵蚀了，这就是因为脑中先形成了中文的句子，然后逐词翻译成英文造成的结果。殊不知英译汉和汉译英的时候，词序选择、词性选择、时态选择都非常重要，不是逐字逐词就能一跃达到“信达雅”的境界的。
正式文体格式，是一般也很容易被忽视的方面。不过这一点很好改正，只要多注意就行。以四六级为目标的，这一条就可以略过，那都没什么高要求的。但是GT的奋斗者，一定要注意正式文体的格式：一是引导从句的that从来都不省略，全数加上；二是能不用apostrophe撇号（’）就不要用，什么I’ve/you’re都给写成I am/you are，至于the cat of Tom’s你就看着办吧，反正尽量不出现；三是口头词汇都写成书面的，这个在下一点会谈到；四是数字也都写成单词。总的来说前面两点出现频率非常多。
词汇使用不当，这是这一篇的主要内容了。词汇使用不当分为两种，一种是用错了，这种我就不多说了，完全就是属于在错误的时间出现在错误的地点的情况，查查词典，多积累，应该就能改过来了。另外一种，是词汇水平不够，就我的分类来说也就是使用不当。举个例子，现在小学生都会good/bad这两个词，如果你在形容好坏的时候还用good/bad，那么这么多年来你的词汇积累又体现在什么地方了呢？有时候，还是应该用高级一些的词汇，这样才会写得更出彩。众所周知在GRE的机考作文评分中，电子打分员E-Rater会计算你的总词数（以空格计算，C语言自己都能编出来这个功能，记住英文书写习惯是写完标点符号coma逗号（,）、full stop句号(.)等以后是一定要空一格的，否则你不空格的话电脑会认为这前后两个词夹一个标点符号实际上就是一个词，算少了你的词数可不关我事；当然，你想在标点前面也空一格来欺骗电脑，把标点也当作一个词，我就没话说了，据新东方说这一招可以用的，因为不会有人给你数词数的，都是电脑操作，“科技是把双刃剑”啊）、多音节词数（多音节词就是含有两个或者两个以上的音节，像什么good/bad这种小学词汇显然都是单音节词，因为多音节词能够表现你的词汇量和使用熟练程度，总是用单音节说话老美觉得你的文化水平不高，最后这一句是新东方说的，当时还用原来的拳王阿里举例）、长短句数（就是看你在控制文章结构上的能力，长短句各显长处，长短结合会显得文章很有味道，不能一味偏长或者偏短，要结合使用）等等。前面说“有时候，还是应该用高级一些的词汇”，就是避免偏词怪词难词一起上，每个词都绞尽脑汁想些替换。GRE词汇多，也并没有提倡你作文都疯狂使用，因为评分老师没背过红宝书，到时候只会在抓狂查词典之后给你低分，所以大家适可而止就好，看看TOEFL词汇还是比较有用的。我没有系统背过四六级词汇，TOEFL也根本没沾过，现在就是拿着GRE红宝吃饭，所以下面给出的种种替换，大家觉得好的就用吧。不全，想到一点是一点，当作是G的词汇联想好了。下面我就只写词，后面有wrong的表示根本没这种习惯用法（其实就只有一个more and more用了这个标记），词性和具体用法，大家查查便知了，有的类别相近我就放在一起了，大家反正以词典为主。注意：不一定放在一起的都是同词性的，也不一定都是主动或被动的，也不一定都是形容人或事物的，但是都是意思上有些关联的，所以使用的时候大家还是要多注意。
主要为名词引用:
僵局/困境
stalemate/ quandary/ puzzledom/ morass/ mire/ quagmire/ predicament/ between the devil and the deep sea/ between Scylla and Charybdis
格言
saying/ adage/ precept/ dictum/ aphorism/ gnome/ proverb
因果关系
causality/ consequence/ causation/ cause and effect
推理
reasoning/ discursion/ illation/ ratiocination/ consequence
影响/结果
influence/ effect/ infection/ aftermath/ result/ affect/ impact/ impress/ fruition/ aftereffect/ sequel
预兆
sign/ portend/ omen/ bode/ foreboding/ ominous/ signal
冲突/战争
war/ battle/ skirmish/ quarrel/ conflict/ clash/ collide with/ collision/ impact/ interfere/ reencounter/ warfare
愿望
wish/ hope/ ambition/ desire/ longing/ dream/ yearning/ desirability
骚乱/灾难/灭绝
holocaust/ genocide/ cataclysm/ catastrophe/ extinct/ deracinate/ annihilate/ depopulation/ eradicate/ maelstrom/ bedlam/ chaos
坚忍者/禁欲者
Stoicism/ martinet/ ascetic/ stickler/ celibate/ abstinent/ mortification
范围/程度
scale/ spectrum/ bound/ confine/ extension/ range/ area/ scope/ degree/ extent/ grade
引用:
阻止/侵犯/削弱
stop/ prevent/ hinder/ disturb/ obstruct/ violate/ impair/ tamper/ foul/ interfere/ impede/ hedge/ encumber/ sabotage/ breach/ impinge/ infringe
喜欢
like/ be fond of/ adore/ appreciate/ relish/ savor/ favor/ affection
享受/款待
enjoy/ regale/ treat/ feast/ banquet/ fete/ entertain/ hospitality
逮捕
catch/ seize/ apprehend/ arrest
波动
fluctuation/ wax and wane/ vicissitudes/ undulate/ rebound/ wave/ eat and flow/ rise and flow/ ups and downs/ the swing of the pendulum/ ebb and flow
造成/导致
make/ produce/ elicit/ engender/ yield/ offer/ provide/ bring/ incur/ give/ shed/ lead/ induce/ conduce/ result in/ come into being/ give birth to
据说
said/ reported/ considered/ thought/ regarded/ reputedly
沉思/考虑
consider/ meditate/ cogitate/ ponder/ contemplate/ muse/ pore/ reverie/ reflect/ ruminate
觉得/认为
say/ consider/ think/ opine/ insist/ suggest/ hold the opinion/ figure/ reckon/ deem/ take for
说/问答/演讲
say/ relate/ speak/ tell/ talk/ ask/ answer/ reply/ rejoin/ respond/ return/ address/ lecture/ give a lecture/ make a speech/ racontage/ narrate
阐明
explain/ illustrate/ elucidate/ articulate/ theorize/ intimate/ clarify/ enucleate/ set forth
区别/辨别
distinguish/ discriminate/ discern/ tell from/ differentiate/ secern
安慰/平静/调和
calm/ placate/ conciliate/ reconcile/ appease/ quench/ relent/ lull/ alleviate/ solace/ pacify/ console/ condole/ mitigate/ mollify/ soothe/ halcyon
假设/预测
suppose/ assume/ let/ imagine/ envision/ foretell/ forebode/ foresee/ hypothesis/ tentative/ given/ forecast/ prognosticate/ predict/ augur/ prophesy
忽视/蔑视/侮辱
ignore/ belittle/ contempt/ neglect/ overlook/ despise/ disdain/ defiance/ disparage/ scorn/ insult/ humiliate/ affront/ disesteem/ indignity/ mortify
感觉/感知/洞察
feel/ sense/ see/ perceive/ detect/ apperceive/ penetrate/ percipience/ cognize
获得/赢得
achieve/ obtain/ attain/ gain/ acquire/ win/ procure/ purchase
假造/假的
forge/ fabricate/ forgery/ counterfeit/ fake/ falsification/ mock/ imitative/ spurious/ false/ feigned/ pseudo/ supposititious/ mendacious/ illusory/ artificial
做/着手/完成
do/ execute/ carry out/ fulfill/ accomplish/ finish/ complete/ achieve/ perpetrate/ embark/ fall to doing/ take measures/ bring to success
失败
fail/ flunk/ fiasco/ unsuccessful/ frustrated/ lose
重击/击败
defeat/ vanquish/ conquer/ smite/ triumph/ frustrate/ whack/ thwack/ smash
放弃
give up/ relinquish/ abandon/ abjure/ abnegate/ quit/ release/ disclaim
使用/利用
use/ utilize/ employ/ make use of/ take advantage of/ bestow/ ply/ betake/ impose/ avail oneself of
提升
promote/ advance/ exalt/ upgrade/ step up
开始/授职
begin/ start/ commence/ inaugurate/ investiture/ enter/ launch on/ set about
强迫
force/ coerce/ make/ impel/ propel/ provoke/ drive/ compel/ impose/ enforce/ constrain/ obtrude/ compulsion
恶化/堕落
worsen/ deteriorate/ deprave/ exacerbate/ aggravate/ exasperate/ degenerate/ degrade/ backslide/ corrupt/ rot/ putridness/ contagion
发展/进步/改革
progress/ improve/ develop/ evolution/ expand/ advance/ upgrade/ reform/ revolution/ reshape/ enhance/ strengthen/ reinforce/ intensify/ undergrid
建立/树立/培养
build/ erect/ constitute/ establish/ found/ set up/ create/ construct/ put up/ rear/ cultivate/ foster/ incubate/ plant/ bring up
催眠/昏睡
anesthetize/ hypnotize/ narcotize/ mesmerize/ soporific/ lethargic
讨厌
dislike/ disrelish/ hate/ loathe/ odium/ distaste
嘲笑
deride/ jeer/ jest/ mock/ sneer/ laugh
讽刺
satirize/ lampoon/ lash/ scorch/ quip/ mock
屈服
yield/ give in/ bend/ bow/ submit/ succumb
同意
agree/ consent/ approve/ accede
反对
oppose/ disagree/ argue against/ be against/ disaccord/ disapprove/ dissent/ quarrel with
讨论/辩论
discuss/ canvass/ debate/ haggle/ moot/ talk over/ argumentation/ controvert/ polemize/ reason
尊重/崇拜
adore/ venerate/ revere/ defer to/ worship/ praise/ esteem/ regard/ respect
引用:
好的/善良的/杰出的
good/ positive/ active/ affirmative/ fine/ benevolent/ virtuous/ meritorious/ remarkable/ prominent/ preeminent/ marked/ distinct/ propitious
坏的/邪恶的/不公的
bad/ negative/ wicked/ evil/ iniquitous/ nefarious/ unfair/ malevolent/ menace/ cursed/ inequity/ immoral/ miscreant/ ill/ diabolic/ satanic
美丽的/华丽的
beautiful/ wonderful/ marvelous/ resplendent/ splendid/ spectacular/ gorgeous/ pulchritude/ luxuriant/ magnificent/ superb/ shining/ imposing/ princely
奢华的/享乐的
luxurious/ sybarite/ epicurean/ gastronomy/ hedonism/ sumptuous/ extravagant
浪费的/无节制的
prodigal/ profligate/ squander/ lavish/ improvident/ consume/ waste/ spendthrift/ dissipate/ profuse/ wastrel/ immoderate/ incontinent/ unlicensed
节约的/吝啬的
thrifty/ abstemious/ canny/ frugal/ economical/ stint/ stingy/ sparing/ provident/ prudent/ grudge/ miser/ skinflint/ skimp/ illiberal/ scant/ parsimony
慷慨的/大方的
generous/ ungrudging/ munificent/ bounteous/ charitable/ benevolent
陈腐的
cliché/ hackneyed/ philistine/ pedestrian/ banal/ trite/ stale/ mouldy
不同的/多样的
different/ distinct/ disparate/ diverse/ unlike/ dissimilar/ various/ assorted/ sundry/ all kinds of/ all and sundry
强烈的/剧烈的/猛烈的
strong/ violent/ vehement/ intense/ sharp/ consuming/ intensive/ sorely/ acute/ tempestuous
热情的
hot/ ebullient/ passional/ passionate/ zealous/ vehement/ fervid/ ardent/ zest
全然的
sheer/ utter/ perfect/ total/ complete/ entire
简洁的
brief/ laconic/ compact/ sententious/ succinct/ terse/ pithy
沉默的/含蓄的
implicit/ taciturn/ tacit/ reticent/ implied/ pregnant/ implicative
清晰的
explicit/ elucidate/ clear/ vivid/ perspicuous/ intelligible
啰嗦的
voluble/ querulous/ garrulous/ loquacious/ talkative
愚蠢的/空洞的
vain/ ignoramus/ maggotry/ daft/ silly/ stupid/ empty/ frothy/ inane
滑稽的/荒谬的
ridiculous/ drollery/ absurd/ preposterous/ nonsensical/ buffoonery/ clownery/ waggery/ jocular/ humorous/ facetious/ ludicrous/ funny
造作的
artificial/ affected/ factitious/ feigned/ stagy/ strained
不造作的
unconstrained/ unmannered/ unstudied
古老的
old/ ancient/ antediluvian/ gray/ primeval/ far-back/ hoary/ Noachic/ Archaian
贵的
expensive/ excessive/ prohibited
熟练的
proficient/ dexterous/ ambidextrous/ skilled/ experienced/ masterly/ perfect/ practiced/ skillful/ expertly/ adroit/ deft
习惯的
used/ inured/ wonted/ accustomed/ conditioned
快的/敏捷的
swift/ rapid/ fast/ quick/ expeditious/ prompt/ agile/ celerity/ smart/ nimble/ adroit/ deft/ sharp/ astute/ keenly/ livelily
深的/坚实的
deep/ profound/ solid/ firm
坚固的/无敌的
solid/ firm/ tenable/ infrangible/ impregnable/ invincible/ inapproachable/ matchless/ unbeatable/ unrivaled/ unequaled
脆弱的/不坚固的
fragile/ insecure/ untenable/ insubstantial/ unsubstantial/ frail/ tender/ brittle/ weak/ pregnable/ breakable/ crispy/ friable/ crumble
著名的/杰出的
well-known/ renowned/ famous/ celebrated/ illustrious/ distinguished/ noted/ famed/ namable/ luminary/ galaxy/ erudite/ elite
承认的/认可的
accepted/ admitted/ recognized/ permitted/ approbatory/ recognitory/ admissive/ allowable
舒适的/温和的
comfortable/ cozy/ genial/ clement/ gentle/ facile/ mild/ soft/ peaceable/ tenderhearted/ easeful/ easy/ homelike/ pleasing
大的/深远的
great/ large/ big/ gigantic/ mammoth/ bulk/ huge/ tremendous/ enormous/ immense/ voluminous/ far-reaching/ epoch-making
烦恼的/困惑的
annoyed/ confused/ troublesome/ problematic/ disturbed/ upset/ irritated/ distraught/ plaguily/ teasingly/ bemused/ perplexed/ vexed/ angry/ bothered
无序的/混乱的
messy/ chaotic/ untidy/ out-of-order/ disordered/ jumbled
显然的
obvious/ patent/ apparent/ palpable/ evident/ overt/ visible/ distinct/ perceptible/ to all appearances
秘密的/难懂的/神秘的
secret/ covert/ clandestine/ backdoor/ cryptic/ furtive/ arcane/ elusive/ mysterious/ mystic/ uncanny/ occult/ unearthly
古怪的/奇怪的
strange/ weird/ queer/ peculiar/ whimsical/ eccentric/ odd/ grotesque/ erratic/ quaint
有害的
bad/ harmful/ detrimental/ obnoxious/ noxious/ disgusting/ baleful/ baneful/ deleterious
卫生的/健康的
healthy/ wholesome/ healthful/ salubrious/ salutary/ sanitary/ clean/ hygeian/ robust
高兴的/兴奋的
happy/ exhilarated/ excited/ overexcited/ stimulated/ jaunty/ glad/ jolly/ mirth/ pleased/ jubilant/ joyful
惊讶的/惊骇的/恐惧的
surprised/ astounded/ petrified/ amazed/ astonished/ horrified/ terrified/ frightened/ horror/ panic/ scared/ afeared/ afraid
讽刺的
sardonic/ ironical/ cynical/ insinuative/ acid/ ironical/ piercing/ sarcastic/ satiric
引用:
同时
at the same time/ at one time/ whilst/ meanwhile/ simultaneously/ contemporary/ coexistent
越来越/逐渐
more and more(wrong)/ increasingly/ growingly/ gradually/ inch by inch/ piece by piece/ gently/ continuously/ continually
确实地
truly/ surely/ certainly/ sincerely/ genuinely/ frankly/ honestly
事实上
actually/ truly/ virtually/ as a matter of fact/ in fact/ practically/ as the case stands/ to tell the truth
几乎不
hardly/ scarcely/ barely/ rarely/ merely/ scantly
引用:
关于
about/ concerning/ on/ with regard to/ relating to/ in regard to/ referring to/ regarding
引用:
因此
hence/ consequently/ so/ thus/ therefore/ all in all/ in a word/ accordingly/ thereby/ hereby/ herewith/ wherefore/ forasmuch/ so that
无论
no matter what/ soever/ whether/ whatever/ however/ whenever/ wherever/ whichever/ anyway
尽管/虽然
despite/ for all/ in despite of/ notwithstanding/ though/ whereas/ with/ although/ albeit/ howbeit/ while
但是/还是/然而
but/ whereas/ yet/ notwithstanding/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ howbeit/ however/ whereas
此外
what is more/ furthermore/ besides/ moreover/ withal/ nay/ additionally/ in addition
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本帖最后由 mikeshinoda1223 于 2006-10-15 20:27 编辑 ]
