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标题: [实用资源] 可下载：Jessica J.K.——个人雅思备考整理资料 [打印本页]

作者: JessicaJK 时间: 2009-2-5 08:51 标题: 可下载：Jessica J.K.——个人雅思备考整理资料

《无词阅读法》

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——祁连山 著

《无词阅读法》... 17 D2 k* [+ x1 O% F4 F

第一章    鸟瞰雅思阅读... 2/ N3 y# A7 J( j5 l. T  l$ \
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第一节目标... 29 z: d( c  X- s
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第二节雅思阅读的战略——取舍智慧... 2$ ]. Z% J7 j3 m8 p. H
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第二章    无词阅读法全貌... 2

第一节快速阅读概述... 2
; f5 J" `- @8 {. y# L
第二节查找细节... 3

第三节掌握主旨... 3

第三章    判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN或者YES/NO.NOT GIVEN）... 4, R" R9 I" z* L& o# e% t
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第一节判断题的特点... 4
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第二节考点词... 48 Y6 m1 |( l/ X3 B; Z

第三节
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN的定义... 4
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第四节
FALSE的原则和技巧... 54 Y3 Q4 f* X0 C/ S8 b

第五节
NOT GIVEN的原则和技巧... 5
3 Q! j& y7 g+ E& P3 y% K7 j0 C3 ]% f
第四章    主观题（SUMMARY,填空，图表，简答）... 6  X/ H1 N8 x& S% _, ^  P  N7 \

第一节! `0 _' I) p. j
SUMMARY题型... 6* Q7 }' [( z' M5 e2 I+ L9 W

第二节其它类型的主观题（填空，填表，简答）... 7& u# r* B- a6 c! m4 J% K
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第五章    标题题（HEADING）... 7, Q* r3 F/ y: G- l5 i) E% A7 j
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第一节特点... 7
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第二节掌握段落主旨的两种方法... 7( ^+ x6 C6 m+ W" B6 `6 u. Q0 f( X

第三节解题步骤... 7

第四节技巧... 8
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第六章    配对题... 8

第一节配对题的分类和基本解题步骤... 8

第二节配对一方是特殊定位词的配对题——人名配观点（如）... 8. }$ g! d9 H  n" I
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第三节双方都是长句的配对题... 9
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第四节段落配信息题... 9
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第七章    选择题... 9
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第八章    解题步骤——并联扫雷阅读法... 9; Y$ @7 W5 m% l

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第一章# F; v/ {4 C4 G" V

/ `# k+ b/ n9 k' C2 d4 q$ t1 s0 ?鸟瞰雅思阅读& [) ~' B$ e: W% d T% j

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第一节
. a0 }8 \7 h; y# F9 U, }目标

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目标7分=一半无词阅读法+一半自身实力2 ~' |4 w7 c/ s+ `" |

第二节7 i+ P7 r6 `7 U; ~, B1 |/ j
雅思阅读的战略——取舍智慧

雅思阅读考试的出题思路可概括成十二个字：快速浏览，查找细节，掌握主旨。
答题思路可概括成十二个字：由简到难，全部覆盖，有取有舍。
其中的“有取有舍”指的是，任何一道题目超过一分钟还没有把握，就立刻舍弃。

Do what we do best, and MENG the rest!

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第二章; O3 }: o X- O) K" k
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无词阅读法全貌" X+ A; e+ X+ ~. H0 Z: l

第一节
9 Q; n9 G* c' n: J快速阅读概述

无词阅读的目标就是：忽略生词的存在，提高阅读速度和做题速度，包括两个部分：4 R( D! H# d) {' I8 k8 q
快速阅读方法训练（本章）
+ 快速做题方法训练（第三章到第八章）. [6 B5 ?; H3 Y$ ?9 S
  快速阅读包括两个部分：查找细节和把握主旨
  任何语言的阅读都离不开四个层次：词句段章, Q5 t: }; w/ G' Q7 H; S9 @
  这里提出：
         以段落为阅读单位！
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第二节
( y# H* B' d; L查找细节

查找细节包括两个步骤：- J' A* s( N0 N% e
1.
预测答案的可能性质
2.
在题干中划出定位词
2.1
划定位词的原则一：
特殊优先——数字（百分比、温度、货币符号）和大写字母（时间、地点、专有名词等）. m4 u2 }& d. K8 _# W4 z$ _7 E3 n
2.2
划定位词的原则二：  u) H- h( G3 ^7 U- P
按照独特n.，独特v.，独特adj.或者独特adv.的顺序来划定位词
2.3
划定位词的原则三：- C2 O9 Y& L  S+ b: F  T- o
不能作为定位词的有以下三类; p* Z( F& H9 B9 d/ t, a
2.3.1
常用词，如people/ n) c) a; `$ g: X" Z* u  q
2.3.2/ J: j* w$ ?) u; u& h" v
文章主题词。7 T8 {6 [! W+ u# h$ Y
   包括文章标题出现的词和与标题内容相关的词。1 y8 y3 Z6 O" M7 W
2.3.3
同一题型内部重复出现的词。
定位词的根本特征—— 一一对应
只要断定位词划得准，那么在文章中就一定会被定位，除非同义替换。/ |* y6 j& V$ o
只要定位到出题句，答案就在出题句中，前后三句话内必有答案。- J2 ]% `0 Q! @, R! r0 i/ Q
划定位词是雅思阅读基本功，需要潜加修炼！, i  {& t5 B* |

第三节3 o5 E( C# j/ j5 ?
掌握主旨

段落主旨（Main Idea）=主题（Topic）+方向+关系词
无词阅读法的三大要素：主题，方向，关系词。
在英语的两种基本句子结构——主谓宾，主系表——中，主题作为名词，不是主语就是宾语，而方向不是谓语就是表语。所以，在一句话中，一般主题在两端，方向在中间。8 L& h6 @- i( V3 R6 T
无词阅读法完全取决于英国人的线性思维方式，每一个特定段落通常围绕一个主题句，接下来的支持句层层展开，保持与主题句的线性支持关系。# J! Z( ^2 q( y- H; f
在阅读过程中，只要把握了“主题”和“方向”，以及维持或者改变方向的“关系词”，就能理解段落主旨，这就是无词阅读法。: M( Q5 n% m# F. d
所以，我们在阅读任何一段话或者文章时都要“先精读首段，再浏览全段”，精读首句是为了认清主题和方向，浏览全段是为了找关系词，判断方向的维持或者改变，于是产生了变速阅读——开头慢，中间快！, c ]) q7 e1 h9 j7 M" w, U5 n0 W% t
第一类：维持前后方向的关系词: K6 |) c3 a1 }
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1 并列
小并列（一句话以内）：A and / or / as well as B, too, also , not…, nor…, one…the other…
中并列（分句之间）：用, 或者; 表示并列
大并列（句群或者段落之间）：First, Second, Third, Finally…
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2 递进% e- l1 F* _& w7 W) C0 C
In addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore, what is more, besides, not only…but also…% u7 w1 T0 o7 F4 j6 w
3 类比
As…as…/ the same…as…, like, similarly
4 举例
For example, for instance, such as, namely; ?0 t: E) F# q# F2 u3 u
5 因果3 \! J: a' U# U9 b7 U* k1 |* Q* Y
表示因为：because, since, as, for, in that, due to, result in, result from, lead to
表示结果：so, therefore, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result" C( U0 k4 B. ~6 u
第二类：改变前后方向的关系词' U0 o& G+ u9 t8 g
1 转折
表示但是的关系词：but, however, yet, on the other hand, whereas, nonetheless, nevertheless( l+ @& u4 r. s) j- ?+ u6 L
表示虽然的关系词：although, though, while, despite（前正后负）, in spite of: k0 R* q$ e7 ?7 X
2 对比
More, less…than…, unlike, in contrast with, by contrast, be opposed to, be opposite to…

以后大家遇到关系词，就马上划上方框，并且判断谁正谁负。

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第三章
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& |' b$ P$ k l$ f' F判断题（TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN或者YES/NO.NOT GIVEN）
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第一节
( F: H' p6 p v6 ~% Y1 G+ M$ V! H# [判断题的特点

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做判断题的时候，每次定位两道题目。
第二节7 W9 b# y7 Z5 ]* m( ^
考点词
无词阅读法三要素中，定位词相当于主题，考点词相当于方向，也就是说哪里有方向哪里就有考点词。( ]4 B" V/ P8 `# u
对于判断题，先划定位词，再划考点词，用两种符号表示。（考点词只在判断题中使用）
用定位词找到出题句，再用考点词与原文进行方向判断。无论是定位还是判断，都只需要在定位点和考点之间进行，两点之外不予考虑，简称“先定位，后判断，点对点”，这就避免翻译原文句子和题干句子，降低生词风险。
如果原文与题干主题（定位词）相同，考点词方向也一致，就是TRUE；如果方向矛盾，就是FALSE，如果既不一致也不矛盾，就是NOT GIVEN。( d2 g2 |1 }) d* p' P7 r
六类考点词：% ^# J/ t$ E8 I7 c% @* u" E
是非判断考点词（是非）——题干的谓语或表语上$ F4 ^* i1 ^, c1 H5 |
绝对范围和程度的考点词（绝对）——only, most, all, 最高级best, largest等, always, anyone, everyone, never等表示绝对意义的词也属于此类。
比较关系的考点词（比较）——对比不同点和类比相同点8 G$ j+ B$ T& N5 j
数字时间考点词（数字时间）
因果关系考点词：这种题目以结果为定位词（主题），以原因为考点词（方向），若原文与题干结果相同但是原因不同，选择FALSE 或者NO。# T* Q( F5 C5 _+ F/ f& u
其它：包括地点和目的等考点词
最后，教给大家一个划定位词和考点词的简单方法：定位词作为名词一般在题干两头
（主语或宾语），考点词一般在句子中间（表语或者谓语）。

第四章1 x8 N# i6 u9 n4 Z% `* P

2 y5 L0 ]8 _: ` f8 C4 V) Y- g+ D主观题（SUMMARY,填空，图表，简答）
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需要考生自己加工答案，只有SUMMARY是公认的难题，所以重点研究这个的做题方法，然后就可以触类旁通得以解决其它题型的问题。

第一节( S' A& y& o& x5 P
SUMMARY题型

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一、特点
此题型分为两类：无选项题和有选项题，前者只需要在文章中找到答案的位置，然后将答案填写到空格中，抄写过程中可以作适当的语法改动。而后者不但需要在文章中定位答案，而且需要依据原文内容，在所给选项中找出最贴切的答案来，而选项是不能作任何改动的。* L8 }! h. N+ s( @; Q3 q
本题型是对全文或者部分段落主旨的概括，所以如果通读SUMMARY,就可以掌握其对应原文的大意，而基本每一个段落的主旨大部分都位于段落开头，所以应该注重关注段落开头部分。) ~% M" P1 f; \2 O9 h
以SUMMARY为代表的所有主观题型，都需要从整体上把握每一道题目，需要通读所有题目，而不能读一个题目做一个题目。
二、解题步骤8 a; s! X) R3 e4 H6 e4 h. [
读题可以运用的三种技巧（三板斧）：
1、
浏览题目要求，划出相应段落和字数要求，并尽量获取。
2、0 g( h9 ~8 S8 f
通读SUMMARY，划出关系词（一板斧）6 D7 o. h8 `3 i7 m
在读summary过程中，遇到关系词，一定要立刻画出来，这种题型之所以难就是因为原文与题干做了同义替换，但是无论具体内容如何替换，关系不会发生变化，该是转折的就是转折，该是并列的就是并列，所以作为无词阅读法的第三大要点，关系词成了砍杀summary题型的第一板斧。
3、
预测答案的可能性质（第二板斧）
如果是名词，需要预测：是否可数；单复数；正负向；大小写。
如果是动词，需要预测动词的原型或者分词或者时态，以及主动或者被动等。  G$ X( T# Y$ j7 G
4、4 E' C  A0 m- H# l3 Y4 Z
划出定位词（第三板斧）, T- ?* B0 g) {3 J" I0 f
5、1 L8 T' z. A' }# o5 o" g( u
如果有备选项，依据空格需要挑出同性成分，先行筛选。% X3 Y4 u) H7 X& ~, X, C* i3 |( [
对待任何一道SUMMARY题目都必须按照“关系词——预测——定位词”的顺序读题，不能打乱顺序。; P5 f9 o0 E0 W( p
三、例题讲解（略）# z7 h; H' i. D% m* n7 P2 t. n( N# M
四、技巧
技巧一：
如果一个动词或者介词后面有一个空格，空格中缺乏名词，那么只要在原文中找到该动词或者介词后面的名词就是答案。
技巧二：
如果一个空格缺乏一个名词，而空格后面有一个of作为后置定语，那么只要在原文中找到of前面的名词，就是答案。; i$ ?9 D/ d& W# I
五、答案抄写注意事项, U' L  n9 B* r. N  n
1、
符合字数要求：从最后一个核心名词向前倒着数，要求几个单词就写几个。
2、# H' w3 k  ]( ?0 c
尽量忠实原文（大小写，单复数，冠词）3 k  d( |, ]) \# G3 L! g7 f
3、7 X9 t7 g, {4 R+ ~2 M
适当的语法改动（必须是出于题干的语法需要）

第二节其它类型的主观题（填空，填表，简答）

一、填空题4 r1 S( B9 H9 C) M/ k
二、图表题
1、0 }. C& m; m! n* n, l
流程图题
2、 `6 J2 K" K3 T( A8 ?8 b
表格题
需要注意：（1）左看右看，上看下看，先要总体把握表格的横纵轴之间的关系，进而判断出该表格是横向展开还是纵向展开。（2）如果表格的题号是横向展开，就要做纵向比较，反之就要做横向比较。
三、简答题: P* ]- U) k0 i+ ~% X! p
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第五章2 A Q& C2 D* U' F$ D- t
% h& c3 u/ L! H$ f! P4 q. t
标题题（HEADING）
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第一节特点

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位于文章前，特别耗时间，开头容易错，错就错两个。这些特点要求我们做到：战略上，拿不准的题目千万不要做，该舍就舍，做到“Do what we do best and Meng the rest.”在战术上则应该采用排除法来提高成功率。: }% N N- c+ Z- C0 O* l( e. L

第二节掌握段落主旨的两种方法

第一种是常用法，也就是分析段落结构；第二种，简易法，就是说重复出现就是主题。
常用法：分析段落结构，找主题句。总分、总分总、分总、分总分、对比、并列。其中，前四种段落结构都有主题句和支持句之分，后两种结构可能不存在主题句，段落内部会分成若干个势均力敌的部分，只不过对比结构段落的两个部分之间方向相反，而并列结构段落各个部分之间方向相同。比较常见的还是总分结构，典型标志就是出现举例的关系词如for example/instance，并且有实主题句（首句概括）和虚主题句（段落内容概括而来）两种，因此希望从段首找到主题句的方法并不保险，还是要“精读首句，浏览全段”，并且使用排除法筛选答案。
简易法：段落内部重复出现内容的三种类型——原词重复，同类词，指代重复。此种方法虽然快捷，但是有局限性，还是与常用法互为补充比较好。

第三节解题步骤

1、8 m$ D1 N  T, k3 t
去掉Example选项，并将对应段落去掉，然后，划出每个备选项的定位词9 F6 H* i$ e. W: C( r2 s0 R2 H- u! E
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精读首句，浏览全段，先做细节题，再做标题题：  f- M; E8 J) J* R; Z2 a$ y8 f
一个文章内部会出现3种左右的题型，任何一个段落内部都有可能同时存在细节题和主旨题，先做细节题可以帮助把握全段落的内容，应该先做。& p) A+ o* J9 R# A/ w8 `  U" q
3、6 l$ F8 D8 _; {, z5 g- g. r3 w
用排除法筛选答案，去掉无关和细节备选项，如果遇到存在两个选项不能确定时，务必先做其它段落。
但是，有时候剩下两个备选项都与该段有关系，再也不能排除其中任何一个，这样，
一定要大胆舍弃，如果鲁莽选错了，容易导致连锁反应，如果舍弃这道题目向下做则可能会发生以下三种情况：8 P+ S, x; ~* K" [* w2 o
（1）
若A段不能拿准是iv还是v，但是C段有把握选择iv，那么A段自然蒙v，两道题都对。
（2）
若A段不能拿准是iv还是v，而且下面每一段话都与这两个备选项没有什么关系，那就说明出题者专门设置了干扰项，那么我们大可在二者中蒙一个，那么就只会错一个，避免连锁反应。2 @4 n$ `3 B* W7 N; r
（3）- p, ~0 U) k; I) I. @
若A段不能拿准是iv还是v，但是C段仍旧是拿不准iv还是v，也就是说2对2配对，可惜我们确定不了，那么最好的选择就是，两个段落全部选择一样的（考试允许这样做），肯定一对一错，这样我们就实现了损失最小。. G/ ]6 t: w6 ]) {
4、+ e) Y: P5 V- \  H2 F: R+ y. Z: O
去掉全部用过的选项8 P7 \% i) W+ ^0 j& D

第四节技巧

1、* Y. V2 K* ?! h; _+ G* [
重复出现是标题
2、1 |* E! l4 P- \% O6 b4 m) b5 k
同义替换是标题
3、
转折后面是标题1 C$ J. |$ [' m
首句有but/however等转折关系词，首句就是主题句（答案潜伏处）
首句与第二句有but/however等转折关系词，那么第二句就是主题句（答案潜伏处）, [2 J/ ]& N% D8 N( c
首句有although/though/while/despite/in spite of等转折关系词，主题句在后半部分。/ }( e; M$ ~2 a8 J7 \
4、
定义句型是标题
一段话中间出现“This is…”“This A is…”或“A is…”等句型可以判断，这是一个/ b% i. n. n3 P" W$ P" h: P2 ^
定义句型，就是主题句的标志。
3 v4 X* I1 C3 O1 {

第六章# \' m/ Q5 i% b+ t' p8 K5 s, X
. E* Z" U4 y x+ a/ e: W& e o
配对题
4 @8 j+ S: P/ K6 P$ x

" F5 s: a7 L% l4 k6 _" Y- r- G

第一节配对题的分类和基本解题步骤

" x' \! M" y1 Y! ]0 `5 D
一、特点
完全的细节题，段落主旨读不懂无所谓，大多数题目都是同义替换的表现，并在配对题9 A j7 Y1 ~* U) C. O% X9 y, S
对应的信息在文章中都是乱序分布的，比较难以捉摸。/ a4 z0 o5 j( x$ {4 M
二、分类
1、6 W( n5 u- t3 Q1 y- c
配对一方是特殊定位词的配对题，一般包括人名配观点、地点配解决措施、时间配
事件，这类题因为是特殊定位词，所以出题者为了提高难度通常就会乱序分布题目对应信息。
2、3 Q1 k( Q3 ?/ |1 F2 `3 }
配对双方都是长句子的配对题，一般包括问题配答案、原因配结果等，这种不太好定位，所以一般会正序分布。
3、9 d& K) n, F( W7 E
段落配信息题，这是最难的，因为是彻底同义替换加上乱序分布，纯粹需要实力。# @ B5 i# y# k2 J2 b- d: M
三、基本解题步骤7 L, F( m. R0 v3 V% o/ h% }' t, ^
1、3 ]5 z' k# q1 x
识别配对双方的类型以及各自的数量& O1 f% c) u& h% r# i- i
5人加7观点，那么人名就会重复使用，7地点配5措施，就会有些地点用不上。4 {: z" V+ h% |# T9 l
2、
决定先定位哪一方
人名配观点，应该先定位人名；地点配解决措施，就定位地点先，也就是说对于第一类配对题，哪一方容易定位哪一方就先被定位。如果是5个问题对应16个备选答案，当然应该先定位问题。因此对于第二类配对题，哪一方数量少，就先定位哪一方。
3、% D0 @) p; o$ {" I) d5 n+ r( {. L* B
通读配对另外一方，划出全部定位词，逐段进行配对
人名配观点，先定位人名（Last name），然后把所有观点通读一遍，划出定位词，然后以段落为单位，哪一段有人名就在哪一段搜索观点定位词，进行配对。* j* I' w: Y/ R. b9 X0 I. V. S

第二节配对一方是特殊定位词的配对题——人名配观点（如）

  ^4 f' g, Q5 ^9 n! P/ |9 C
题目讲解：! Z7 [9 |, |; `
1、发现是5人名加7观点的配对题，意味着将有人名会重复使用，属于第一类配对，乱序。" M2 [  |9 O9 S
2、决定先定位人名，把人名迅速浏览一遍，同时划出last name因为第一次出现人名时候可以是full name但是第二次出现人名的时候就可能只是last name，然后花2分钟左右在各个段落里一网打尽快速定位这5个人名，这样有两个好处：哪一段存在人名，就在哪一段搜索配对题，没有人名的不予考虑；文章中重复出现次数最多的人名重复使用的机会更大。
3、通读配对题的另外一方（观点），划出定位词，逐段配对。( I, e+ w* o# l' u. o
注意：note/suggest/asy/write等经常用于表明观点，是搜索观点的重点区域。! T& f4 S6 g! \  Y

第三节双方都是长句的配对题

5 A9 m7 s* ]& T% K  _
一般正序排列。! }4 O! u. v, D4 N3 ]
1、4 ]& O  Q/ E, q# X) c4 y  W
识别出是8结果对应12个原因，意味着有一些原因会用不上。
2、
决定先定位结果，然后在结果附近搜索原因，所以划出结果的定位词，但是这些题目不能立刻一网打尽，必须逐段定位。4 R  {2 Q. N5 n( B1 a  H
3、, h. G: H; C5 ^  P$ e+ _
通读12个备选项，划出定位词，逐段配对。

第四节段落配信息题

典型特征是，题目要求中会有这么一句话：Which paragraph contains the following information/discusses the following points?这种题目完全需要实力。9 T1 M! ]; k; W( M9 m1 I

第七章
$ s5 g5 M g5 k" \9 N& H5 ^$ X- e) T" r% `# X7 H s
选择题 N! J6 F3 [4 p. o& p! _

纯粹语言题，没有什么方法，分为单选（四选一，五选一就是选择全文标题的题）和多选（五选二、六选三、八选三）。8 R4 u$ J* d8 i2 l, T
一、单选题的做题方法* V l- {1 w# l
1、' t* O' G8 c' z# R
排除法筛选答案（适合保六争七的同学，保证成功率）
2、4 `0 T0 v4 y. c/ ~$ ]
适当借助判断题原则：一一对应，四个选项一定有一个与原文一致即True/Yes，其余三个不是False/No就是Not Given，但是必须严格区分TRUE和非TRUE，把非TRUE排除了剩下就是答案了。/ Y7 S6 F3 e' E) G2 W* H4 [
3、
同义替换的选项一般是正确答案，照抄原文的选项一般不是。
4、
定位原则：如果单选题为文章第一种题型，一般对应文章前半部分，如果是文章后一种题型就会对应文章内容的后半部分。. W0 p" \' r9 N) y5 n
二、全文标题题
考察全文主旨，如果全文看不懂，就用文章首句来蒙答案，速度会很快。
三、多选题

第八章
! F1 Q3 s4 [' w
0 r+ _1 Z) ` E6 h& E# R9 W. a解题步骤——并联扫雷阅读法5 }3 I. y/ ?( b8 W2 f/ F X% P' z$ T

第一节基本步骤

本章重点介绍如何从整体上处理一整套题目或者一篇文章的步骤，并联扫雷阅读法就是指一种整体上看一遍文章就能完成所有题目的方法。- d9 |7 R) |( \6 e) o; Y/ I- l
一、浏览三篇文章的标题和题型（1分钟）
宏观把握三篇文章，从而确定合理的时间分配，但是必须控制在一分钟内，需要考生具备：快速浏览能力和对各种题型难易程度的熟悉。1 {2 z4 T" \& |, z0 Y1 m2 S
这一步让我们知道哪些题目可以保证成功率，哪些比较没有把握，由易到难做题，当然，如果没有什么偏好，尽可能按123的文章顺序做题。
二、扫描数字插图和词汇注释
三、通读全部题干，划出定位词（2~3分钟）
雅思阅读好比购物，首先需要我们列出清单，定位词就是清单。9 K7 x1 A: ^* i, S  N" }" w% ^
竭力劝导考生一次性通读一篇文章后面的全部题干。7 B/ K; K5 n4 C, o8 S' W$ t: ~
四、逐段并联扫雷阅读+ G6 F0 t4 ?/ U7 a6 B% M
雅思阅读文章在题目分布上有两大类：& J( X3 t5 T6 `1 \. w
1、% I6 ?, T& z. |3 i. ]% x
若干题型不是交叉出现在一文中，考生可以逐题完成，但是这种情况很少。6 ?& j  y: k- J+ @. Y( D' s; o
2、7 o5 ~2 @. s4 ~. u! l( T
若干题型交叉出现在一文中，这是研究重点。! t. }$ D1 F4 W' o8 o
逐段并联扫雷阅读。“逐段”就是以段落为单位进行阅读，因为雅思阅读考试的题目都是以段落为单位设计，“并联”是指一段话内部可以同时完成若干种题型，“扫雷”指的是必须保证完成某一段落内部的所有题目之后才能进入下一段落。. Q' Q+ M, I% O8 y; A
使用逐段并联扫雷阅读，都需要按照以下三个环节来完成：2 L2 a, N9 ?% R' i. }1 G$ N
前锋：预想该段会有哪些题型存在
中锋：精读首句，浏览全段，先定位原词重现的题目。8 q+ v  W/ T( N1 v, Y
后卫：读完该段之后，再返回各个题型，逐一扫清剩余题目。

[ 本帖最后由 JessicaJK 于 2009-2-5 09:05 编辑 ]

作者: JessicaJK 时间: 2009-2-5 08:53 标题: Jessica J.K.——个人雅思备考整理资料：口语部分

Describe a person you know:
friend, teacher, boss, neighbor, relative, classmate  f0 M7 J2 T8 A1 k& s: X8 [
比自己小的，与自己同龄的，长辈，一个名人
3 |' ^! L8 m4 {, B
描述一个人：外貌（身高、肥瘦、脸型——五官、发型、穿衣风格、说话风格）、性格（）、品质（）、与我的关系、对人的评价（）、事件。

外貌3 ~7 ~3 H& d2 X) z3 e% t1 U
array
vt 装扮& n.服装
aspect
attire =clothing, dress, apparel，costume, garb, uniform, outfit
n.衣服, 装饰
bald=hairless
corpulent肥胖的8 c! s5 N4 H& p9 N
Overeating and no exercise are the direct cause of becoming corpulent.- ~4 f* e/ r( s/ C" `
cosmetics 化妆品$ R0 U, m5 p) U3 |1 k( R
obese 肥胖的，肥大的7 G7 P" c& n1 F$ X) k5 U
stodgy 躯体笨重的
stout 矮胖的
strap 皮带- S, e5 B! }6 z& E/ W- i# T$ H
is medium height, short/long hair, round/square face2 Y" R( g5 v( Q. ]
" y7 q& g; {2 o" M
性格

. ]' t, j6 r) {9 P/ R+ [3 `
easygoing 容易相处的
humorous 幽默的% H* {$ V! \8 e9 ]! a' ?
crude 粗鲁的
gauche
adj.笨拙的, 粗鲁的, 偏转的, 无礼的+ t2 k( c' h7 g  f
shy 害羞的4 E+ {2 @. w3 o$ P0 f! Y2 p
introvert 性格内向的人= withdrawn person0 B4 M% l) C9 @+ J  ~( ^
extrovert性格外向的人
timorous 胆小的- U% a, a; S' I% o5 j7 @
acute 敏锐的
intelligent 聪明的3 a% c0 A; x3 P: p( N. k$ T7 r
shrewd 精明的=canny1 i" ^' a. E# E4 @  t& _
versatile 多才多艺的
economical 节约的=frugal, thrifty
generous 大方的% a  L6 a- d; J: }
parsimonious 吝啬的=stingy,skimpy
cautious 谨慎的=prudent, E3 _/ l5 H6 u& S, V
conservative
保守的
hardheaded 冷静的+ w( S- `2 j3 s% q0 E8 Y
diplomatic 老练的
precautious 警惕的，有防备的! i; Q1 b4 O. z. ~8 K2 e
slug 慢吞吞的人+ N0 x, Y5 c! u. X
dowdy 懒散的女人
slovenly 不修边幅的，懒散的
affable 和蔼可亲的
benign 亲切的% e! a; c+ l, |  [
gracious 有礼貌的，仁慈的) G# p7 c3 i0 ?# C
meek 温顺的，柔和的
modest 谦虚的
sociable 友善的，好交际的8 k: L7 W4 L( [. |2 ^0 M
cordial 热忱的，诚恳的
congenial 性格相似的
imprudent 轻率的，不谨慎的，鲁莽的
audacious 大胆的，蛮横无理的
lavish 浪费的
avid 贪婪的=greedy3 @: c" Z1 A+ Z! f! o- K  ^' d1 Y
grim 严厉的
relentless 无情的
serious 严肃的
daring 勇敢的=bold
awkward 笨拙的: e4 Z' \4 w# j) R3 \" A
blunt 迟钝的' M/ O7 j. m+ a
inert 不活泼的
selfish 自私的2 B1 x1 G% G" g) f: I1 C) U
egoistic 以自我为中心的$ u9 t! o9 O$ \, l0 ~! p+ Y0 L
laborious 勤劳的
diligent 勤奋的
studious 认真的，勤学的
insightful 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的
brainy 聪明的，足智多谋的
perceptive 观察入微的
barefaced 无耻的6 n! ^- e- \# }
malicious 恶意的，心毒的0 `; O& ~, J# X5 d( R
despise 轻视vt" r) N# a/ |5 j# T! |
sniffish 轻蔑的=scornful， contemptuous
sturdy 强健的=robust, vigorous精力旺盛的- B/ _* o, e7 F! U
acid 尖酸的9 r6 U# P; f9 d2 [3 ^! h6 `
mean 刻薄的  q8 v( \5 `- S, G
caustic 刻薄的/ W2 ^( A# _# I; O( N! z" T
harsh 严厉的，残酷的，无情的
decent 正派的，体面的
equitable 公正的=impartial, p. L5 i2 n4 `5 O: u' v' m
faithful 忠实的. T9 p7 H/ k4 ^
guileless 诚实的
upright 正直的9 Q. r& g' z- M/ Z0 g) U
arrogant 傲慢的=insolent无礼的1 w+ y, h3 j+ f
domineering 盛气凌人的3 p2 L2 f, j* @+ r' B  y
conceited 骄傲的: `+ H8 F9 T2 r4 c& _
impulsive 易冲动的
hotheaded 急性子的9 ^; A/ v8 s* U# V4 T+ S
4 y2 O7 Y, S/ \8 [- D4 a6 Y

7 D5 [, G8 r0 Z/ ]2 O2 [$ E2 `
心理
' i6 v! Q" J8 l- j0 A

distressed 痛苦的=miserable! d1 X3 o$ D; M, [" P
doleful 悲哀的9 y: N. l4 C+ p$ x, R, E8 o4 [2 d
grieved 伤心的" o- Z4 g2 X8 K# ~
pensive 忧愁的，哀思的
sentimental 感伤的，感情脆弱的，多愁善感的. z, f- t4 R( D" }  V
woeful 悲伤的，悲惨的
depressed 沮丧的
despondent 绝望的，意志消沉的0 q" }+ i% K' F, R) _9 {( @  K
dismal 忧郁的& q9 T- h: z1 ^4 U6 I" k0 n
furious 狂怒的，狂暴的
grouchy 不悦的，愠怒的
passionate 易怒的4 A( C; v) y8 G# V, T
beat 疲倦的+ M3 X; s( W% P- y( r) y2 [9 _
downhearted 无精打采的* C. G; `% g0 q* S1 ]5 T3 t
faint 昏晕的% r# X+ ~/ A3 \" w1 p: X- d
indefatigable 不疲倦的+ S8 D! o4 i4 w
listless 疲倦的=languid( v: ^0 E# T- u  ^
inquisitive 好奇的=curious7 V7 n) @$ M$ q
abashed 羞愧的，局促不安的9 R8 c  u* v8 n* H+ Z
intense 紧张的
astonished 惊讶的- G" N+ b' |* E+ c+ D
breathtaking 惊人的，惊险的=striking6 _# C# l' _/ B+ M. R! b
inconceivable 不可思议的=marvelous, fabulous' Q5 @0 |* k/ y; @# Q6 `3 y4 g
spectacular 壮观的
cheerless 不愉快的，阴郁的=gloomy5 t' ]: Q* W7 ~& C% E+ N6 E! K
dejected 失望的，沮丧的
dismal 沮丧的
somber 郁闷的
fanatic 狂热的=frantic
radical 激进的
reverie 白日梦=daydream) q& w9 u7 v) c4 I0 G0 |5 k! k2 {
lovelorn失恋的
indifferent 漠不关心的5 O2 Q1 U+ G4 y. H' G+ ?
enthusiastic 热心的=zealous
jealous 妒忌的' `2 U* D6 o+ ]+ q, G7 z  [
indecision 优柔寡断 n.; ]( ^' x7 @" e
faltering 犹豫的! g  w& v6 {( d, s; `3 {
exalted 兴奋的
exultant 欢腾的* \- b' ?3 k2 z$ y& j- V' u
gleeful=delightful高兴的" q: Z  h: T5 h1 T8 m
beaming 喜气洋洋的，愉快的
hideous骇人听闻的，丑恶的& M8 c7 T1 r2 E) p! x+ S$ Z

# M0 X. m) \$ }# \- A
/ B" y7 W1 `- t1 i4 P6 H9 r
$ u- U# T! O' k" ?5 ^
7 i5 U) g5 W! O- v+ S
Description. b& c% k/ n/ E* F& z: B
一、1 o* J( U6 b5 Y

8 M( ]$ ], G2 ^" h5 `6 r  w# `4 cFriend朋友
She is beautiful, with medium height, snow-white skin, round face and slender figure. I’ve known her for six years. We used to share both joy and sorrow together in high school and after graduation she went abroad to Canberra in Australia without saying a goodbye. Although there was a time we failed to contact each other, we are still best friends. Now we chat three or four times by phone or MSN, in this way we manage to bring each other up to date.

In my memory, she is childish all the time, no matter how old she is. Always love daydream and fairy tale. Seem like she’d never get tired with those fantasy and perfection. But you know, all those things easily die out in reality. So gradually she becomes moody and sensitive now.6 b  p( F  C+ T. k

Fortunately, she’s always been optimistic as far as I know her. On one hand, she keeps complaining about the tough life; on the other hand, she tries very hard to adjust to it.6 K5 s9 D" y1 i& p6 @4 T

Now she’s been operating a coffee bar in central city area of Canberra and we share the same plan: earn enough money from now on and travel through the Western Europe together one day.7 T: n" c1 \1 L" b1 ]: z
" m0 K, {) A% m0 }% M7 I
Until now, that plan looks a little closer for her than for me.  {1 a9 l5 {9 u: Q9 H5 t

Um, seriously speaking, I have received a lot from her. She is talented in influencing people around her positively. She’s had a big smile on her face and always been ready to help others. Once you met her, I promise you would never forget her. Her politeness and chariness will surely give a deep impression on you.4 T+ B. ]$ `# |: G5 }, H/ y2 ^: m3 z

Anyway, I consider her as my best friend and I feel it a big fortune to own a friend like her.

二、
, I( V1 b% i$ b" _% r! W; ETeacher/Professor老师" K& J  H9 e  w( e
During my undergraduate study time, she’s considered as a strict, passionate, indifferent and harsh teacher according to normal students. But for me, only student directly under her guidance, she is insightful, cautious, diligent and well mastered in research.# {$ y/ ~, S4 P
1 v/ |2 B" F7 n: z& h1 I! i
Pro. Xu is firstly well-known because she required further modification in one homework for seven times. And it drove several of us crazy. As a consequence, although she’s been elected as the most excellent Pro. in the last two years, students express little interest in her course or research.

However, being strict to a load of homework done in a mess couldn’t be wrong but totally right. Because our special relationship, I’ve got the chance to observe her in a closer distance. In fact, due to her strong inner responsibilities for her students, she usually stays up very late into deep night to pull out every tiny mistake that has been made by students. However, limited number of students can recognize it and return her work with respect which she surly should have deserved.! C. k0 s- m" [% [5 \
5 j7 Q1 @6 }- z# Y
If I were her, I certainly could not take it as a piece of cake. But she does. She never thinks it’s such a big deal that she needs to change herself in order to shoot for students’ favor, instead she continues to be herself and do her own business as ever.
) @% y: y& w8 U) S" i& [8 P
I respect her indeed not only because she sticks to be herself no matter what happens but also she’s really good at her professional area. She’s given a lot of suggestions on my study and research which extremely benefits me. And most of the time, she is more an older sister than a teacher to me, always being able to guide me to the right direction in my daily life.
+ K! e3 D: P9 }/ t5 X% {
I think there are a lot of people I need to say thank you, and no doubt that Pro. Xu is one of them.' [# k3 n9 R4 V: u5 Z8 o

三、0 Q  [) |, f( ?; o0 F
Eldership家庭长辈
For more than twenty-five years, she’s been a mother of four girls. She must be very beautiful when she was young. I can picture it : ivory skin, starry eyes, and a never-disappearing big smile on face. Look like no man can rescue himself from mother’s charm. And her choice of Dad as her bridegroom decades ago must have broken many crazy hearts.
3 f8 t3 D, Q( x+ ~
Mother is very laborious 勤劳的.Every day she gets up at six and busy with family chores till eight. Then she opens the door of our shop, in which mom and dad support our family by selling TVs, DVD machines, refrigerators and some other electronic staff like that. She has to stand for the whole day without any minute for a small rest. Actually she’s usually too busy with sale and service to have lunch. Dad prepares lunch and dinner for us. It’s a tradition in our family. Mom closes the shop at ten normally and she never forgets to spare some time with us, her dear daughters. We have short talks during nights. And sometimes it’s like a family meeting or party. We prefer the latter, mom can be very humors and always be willing to tell us love story between her and Dad in their youth. We never get tired to hear the story.

) _1 I; O& D3 O( z% T2 f; T( z& b0 z

Mother never says she’s wrong. And sometimes it quite annoys every member of the family. She makes mistakes, too. But what a misfortune, she never admits that. In fact, she always considers herself to be right. No matter how wrong she has been, believe me, she’ll argue with you very, very patiently until you surrender and agree with her that she is indeed right. # [! {7 |, i! }7 d2 D0 z4 \5 e% z
! t% f2 D8 l4 W. F3 R
Mother is studious 认真的，勤学的, more studious than me. She’s 46 years old and last year she was utterly a layman then she bought a computer at home and taught herself how to play games hotly on the internet. Meanwhile, compared with the low rate of writing on keyboard last year, it is Mom who criticizes that I’m too slow to respond to her clipping message on the computer screen while we chat on line through QQ, an online chatting tool. Quick ,quick, quick. Jesus christ, that’s the three most frequently used words during chatting.. r' U9 K1 D  c5 Z  E
+ S$ ]3 W/ ]4 n  C) k# s. |  o( s9 B
That’s my mom.; h, y- n+ R! [3 N* B' x
* Z6 ~& F6 |! ]5 U2 n+ i
四、
6 h0 f8 L/ _0 d4 D5 ]* JKid小孩----表妹4 E1 I* [/ \' s2 U4 ^6 H: j6 `$ _% w
I’d like to introduce my cousin, singleton of my uncle. She is 14-year-old, always looks like being pale and weak, and from her birth she’s been under a set of strict limitations set by her parents. My uncle and aunt are both government officers, who are so busy with political sociality from time to time that my cousin is left at home from being a little child.
She’s quiet and shy most of the time, even can’t make it to look at your eyes directly for a longer time. She’s introversive, keeping silent by herself from the outside world. Usually you manage to find her alone in his father’s small library at home, reading and writing. She’s really talented in language and easily penetrated into books as she’s reading. Just under such situation, she can turn into a quite different girl who’s a charming talker. By telling stories and quoting sentences to represent interesting information, she’ able to bring you into another amazing world. And I know that’s the real girl she should have been. But uncle and aunt don’t care about their daughter’s talent but her school report. She’s not good at getting high mark in examinations so she’s been criticized harshly many times for that.
Due to her parents’ early and continuing family education as well as misunderstanding in daily life, she can’t feel released and proceed to live in the old way, being silent and closing her real self. ! `9 h( N9 A" X$ L1 k5 y' ?8 R
She’s kept a totally different appetite for music. Unlike my favor in light music, she considers the rock music to be favorite. Sometimes I think hobbies really reflect needs of a person. For my young cousin, maybe what she’s been eager for is brave resistance and being set free wholly.% R. V. Q* p& _! e! f+ u# g) ~
It is not a rare case here. In my point of view, parents should have a further consideration during educating children. What they should really think about is the inner essential hidden under the appearance. To achieve this, further communication is pressingly demanded.' p0 l( `! g/ ]1 {$ O: D

五、
; ?7 Z) p; w) k% A' u+ VCeleb名人
Bill Gates retired at the age of 53 in the mid year of 2008. Current CEO Steven once judged him in a sentence,‘An introversive man with few words, also a vigorous man especially active at night. The real is he goes to bed when I wake up.’, e4 k, F# V# M: b/ `
Born in Seattle, America, Bill Gates grew up as a normal boy with his two sisters until he explored interests in computer software and started programming at thirteen. In 1973, Bill entered Harvard University to be good friends with Steven and developed the first edition of BASIC program language for the first generation of microcomputer.3 i, p. L8 m4 l( H# C, J* X, i
Still being a junior, Bill chose to discontinue his study in Harvard. Instead, he spared every effort into setting up his own company, which is well known now as Microsoft Corporation. Once upon a time, he predicted himself as a millionaire at the age of 30 and finally he became the richest man in the globe at the age of 39. And this privilege of holding largest amount of personal fortune had been kept by him for thirteen years thereafter until Warren Buffett has taken his place in 2008.
According to a calculation, Bill Gate’s whole fortune can afford about 32 space shuttle ,or 344 Boeing 747, or filming costs of at least 268 <Titanic>. It’s incredible for a civilian.% B) R7 H! Q' D* P; h) j

作者: JessicaJK 时间: 2009-2-5 08:56 标题: Jessica J.K.——个人雅思备考整理资料：小作文部分

范文经典摘录

Task1——1

1 bar graph, table, pie chart, line graph , W7 l- j6 J0 F
represent1 o) U8 Y* l# s, @/ u7 H
vt.表现, 描绘 $ ~2 `6 i" b( u$ [& o
show
v.出示, 指示, 引导, 说明, 显示
reflect
v.反射, 反映, 表现$ L6 h. y9 P3 b

6 B  h4 a( m- b; R$ ?" [
throughout8 ~' q  s) c' @
prep.遍及, 贯穿 adv.到处, 始终, 全部" T- ^" ]7 x& X! w, k4 C: a
from...to…  S1 m9 N' s  w" k! `
According to the…: G! O% _2 I% `+ ^6 G  p0 B
numbers / the number of… have/has rocketed over the fifteen-year period.) p0 }9 s( s" z0 s* @! s2 L
rocket8 o( _6 C- e- W
v.飞速上升 ) L& ?. p! t$ q6 i3 F9 W
2 Indeed, a staggering 65% increase in the total number of… has/had been recorded between the years 1990 and 2004.
staggering
adj.蹒跚的, 摇晃的, 另人惊愕的
3 There was a low and steady increase/decrease in…from…to…, ranging from 5% to just over 10%.
range from A to B: f0 Q  U: W' d3 F1 g

range between A and B- h5 q. S# ~) D3 p! |$ d
range over涉及- o/ c! x( C2 y& x
His lecture ranged over a number of topics.( p$ d" N7 }9 J& Q# S) w) r- l: J, c
4 This figure doubled. D1 N6 d+ {  u5 q) t
in the next…(two)years to reach a little over 20% in 1996.4 o/ P% w- x" o1 E; w3 p1 O
treble
adj.三倍的, 三重的, 三层的v.成三倍, 使增加两倍, 增为三倍1 H1 q0 H7 l1 A3 x& H# y1 }! J% q
thrice
adv.三次-----in a threefold quantity or degree三倍地：以三倍的数量或程度: K6 [/ D: a3 t% `' C. H6 d
triplication
n.三倍的东西, 使作成三份, 三倍
fourfold3 \4 b  K/ L0 f# P0 W1 N
adj. 四倍的, 四重的 adv.四倍, 四重
quadruple/ q! I& T2 g; W+ z. J6 p+ \
adj.四倍的, 四重的, [乐]每小节四拍的 n.四倍 vt.使成四倍 vi.成为四倍
quintuple
adj.五的, 五倍的, 五部分组成的 n.五倍 vt.使成五倍(quintuplicate adj.)! v7 x$ G% h& z* i5 Q
fivefold  T3 O# S' h1 Q
adv.五倍
sextuple
adj.六倍的, 六重的, 由六个部分构成的 n.六倍 v.(使)变成六倍
septuple
n.七倍 vt.乘以七 adj.七的, 七倍的+ I7 w5 S# j. m' C5 i2 e
octuple- K% i2 @: E4 {8 d. ?" t
adj.八倍的, 八份的 n.八倍
v.使成八倍5 F5 a. N, ?& M8 ?" ]* x  X
ninefold: A# y7 r, B* ~8 |1 m
adj.九倍的, 九重的 adv.九倍地, 九重地$ B% C, ^& y, Y, Z1 j
5 From that moment on, significant jumps in the number of…average at… between the years 1996 to 2000 and to 2004 respectively. 9 Q  T! w" X7 @! A  N( i+ K8 K+ k0 b
average at 平均为……; I0 F6 z- h3 X  y8 Y2 a/ z* d9 Q
between the years 1996 to 2000
or
between the years 1996 and 20007 M, E& ]+ W0 d

6 The most noteworthy increase was recorded in the period between the years 2000 and 2004

where numbers in… rose dramatically from around 45% to approximately 65%.

noteworthy$ L4 @; E0 V. w% l2 Z
adj.值得注目的, 显著的 T$ Q K# c8 B- l7 d
7 This appears to have started to level off in the last two years with only a slight ) d8 y: ]: J. k2 W
increase/decrease in student numbers from 65% to fewer than 70% .
level off
v.平整, 变平, 稳定

Task1——2

8 according to the (graphic)data, ……mentioned in this table. On the other hand, …… Interestingly,…… Not surprisingly, …...
engage in
v.使从事于, 参加$ a; B( x% [4 ~  j! J, g4 I- j" u
pastime3 p1 J+ |- _. Z  j) f( ^9 E: r
n.消遣, 娱乐 (pastime activities)
9 British adolescents are rated as the highest television viewers, spending 800 hours per annum, which is by far the cheapest and most accessible9 L5 G( i3 D3 K1 t1 \8 A
means of entertainment listed in this table.1 b0 C  y. T, t/ I1 y
be rated as
annum
n. 年, 岁1 e3 Z5 t* T! _+ G/ r2 A
accessible
adj.易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的, 可理解的( u6 D3 ^- R- O. D# d( S% @
10 Also discernable is a notable shift away from…
discernable
adj. (=discernible)可辨别的, 可认识的( Q  b+ M# b6 C- j5 N
notable0 ^2 @; x/ X* z! q2 h
adj.值得注意的, 显著的, 著名的
shift( C: O2 e; r% e0 j- c" V' V  d$ M
n.移动, 轮班, 移位, 变化, 办法, 手段

Task1——3

11 The graphic information presented in these charts reflects…- O/ x+ L. C5 w2 d/ Z: G8 B2 A

graphic
adj.绘画似的, 图解的
12 The accompanying bar chart shows how water is used in the following three countries: …

accompanying. H/ \% `' H% Y, e+ Q6 n
adj.陪伴的, 附随的
13 Consistent with the data in the first pie chart, the entire body of the world’s water sources is predominantly made up of fresh water with only a small quantity of salt water making up the remainder.

consistent
adj.一致的, 调和的, 坚固的, [数、统]相容的
predominant(ly) adj.卓越的, 支配的, 主要的, 突出的, 有影响的
remainder% S' b5 x2 f/ C9 E# _5 m! d
n.残余, 剩余物, 其他的人, [数]余数! u5 b7 o* d# @  W" V/ \8 I
14 Nevertheless, according to the second pie chart, the bulk of the world’s fresh water is actually ice, followed by a considerable amount of underground water and a small portion of water which is actually found running on the earth’s surface.
nevertheless : o  a, O0 {( q' Y
conj.然而, 不过 adv.仍然, 不过. c( H5 r% q4 |4 P$ p8 p) }
nonetheless! H. f# [5 _# P
adv.虽然如此, 但是9 I. e. [. @6 n2 S& M3 H: X5 S# p
the bulk of+ }0 R; j% u& \! k
大半, 大部, 大多数
an amount of
adj.许多
considerable1 n) X9 h' e/ j
adj.相当大(或多)的, 值得考虑的, 相当可观的
portion
n.一部分, 一分7 U7 I3 t" n0 o0 ^4 t# d, B9 d0 T" n
15 When we study the associated bar chart, it is apparent that… (all three countries listed have quite different uses for water.)* H+ z& F5 g& _  _2 G. b

associated+ `) x& H9 f# q/ Q5 S- d
adj.联合的, 关联的
% H0 f! ]' |7 l8 r
apparent  C/ J- _; ?! n) e6 u; i8 N
adj.显然的, 外观上的% [( f5 R! u& e  U
16 A staggering 75% of … is for…. U2 q3 i+ k  q
China, on the other hand, far outweighs the other two countries in its use of water for industry with 85% being the figure recorded. Additionally, agriculture in Britain claims by far the highest percentage of water use out of the three countries listed, at 70%. " T& Y/ X, C" {4 x4 {- J, E
outweigh# Y' ~; z: ^5 ^( n
v.在重量(或价值等)上超过3 C9 \6 X8 B, b! J1 G: v; {# o
additionally
adv.加之, 又
claim
vt.(根据权利)要求, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要: @1 q; b, w; [3 F; z/ b; g# H
5 [* }1 g0 M( W

Task1——4

17
take into account
v. 重视, 考虑+ Q2 S) e2 v+ T
industry n.工业, 产业, 行业, 勤奋, N8 v. ~) `5 d$ o+ z1 q% o
industry sectors+ v0 C8 e% @! G9 B: j) I4 |
across
adv.横过, 交叉地, 在对面 prep.越过, 交叉, 在...的那边, 在...对面那边
18 According to the graphic data, we can discern that……

discern
v.目睹, 认识, 洞悉, 辨别, 看清楚
4 |. z4 O, d2 x* I; f5 U: o
evenly
adv.均匀地, 平坦地
be quite evenly spread in…在……均匀分布
moreover# k( U6 P! _) ]0 G9 y
adv.而且, 此外
19 Moreover, the United State’s southern region has by far the lowest ratio of land use for forestry and other industries. Interestingly, America’s eastern region shows a significant proportion of land use for farming which takes up over half the land required for all industries mentioned in that particular chart.$ w7 W. x7 b( q' j/ a
forestry/ D8 O! \3 J1 y
n.林产, 森林地, 林学
ratio
n.比, 比率, [财政]复本位制中金银的法定比价- e" m L5 T2 I2 h6 ?( ^) w5 d
significant
adj.有意义的, 重大的, 重要的
proportion6 _' \* @9 A+ P8 O2 ?7 M
n.比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分（ratio, percentage）7 m/ g- w/ O9 L3 w
take up =occupy占据" `( ^1 d+ t, {
# A) C2 {# \6 Y: N

Task1——5

20 It is clear from the line graph above that…(the price has plummeted somewhat over the last ten years ) and that the value of steel today has reached an all-time low.4 f7 o3 M  H8 h8 }) [. p. _
plummet+ P) @6 _4 M: y! F) i' P
n.铅锤, 重荷 vi.垂直落下
somewhat6 ^  F) z$ H+ [  ^2 q+ }7 T! H1 |
adv.稍微, 有点, 有些* r8 U3 A( ?/ H9 f5 z9 R3 b* E8 [0 x: f
all-time2 m. N0 J0 e7 Y# N) H7 O
adj.空前的, 创记录的
low
n.低, 低点9 h2 @; {8 F- d0 p4 }, G/ n  B$ k3 o0 _
21 Notwithstanding this trend, ...is still…' {' t" r$ y8 g' _; r
not-with-standing prep.虽然, 尽管 adv.尽管, 还是 conj.虽然, 尽管2 S3 Z' }5 H( {
22 If we look closer at the bar graph we can discern that the biggest producers of steel are located in north East Asia, with China producing 218 million tons followed by Japan’s 124 million tons.
23 Russia and Germany are making somewhat lesser contributions in steel production at 72 million and 47 million tons respectively. ! }4 ]! Y. X* M! k7 D- K
lesser2 Z& U; y. x1 _; x% {1 w
adj.较小的, 更少的, 次要的
make contribution(s) in… 贡献
24 remarkably
adv.非常地, 显著地, 引人注目地8 _3 D, h" |- w- u1 m; ~, {' ]
shoot up (to)' w* i2 U( a. ?
v.射出, 发芽, 暴涨
in the mid nineteen eighties and early nineteen nineties." U) Q4 v* T) d' g, A  m
25 Since then it has been a losing battle to maintain the price of steel with figure slipping dramatically in 1993 to 270 dollars per ton, only to make small regains in 1995 and in 2000.
slip' K; ^( c% c  P9 ?) @5 X
vi.滑动, 滑倒, 失足, 减退
regain(s)
v.收回, 恢复, 重到, 重新夺得

Task1——5

26 It is evident when comparing these graphs that significant increases in…have indeed occurred, especially in…- q4 X" _, x8 d& X
1 Q& W. [" `, x6 S
significant
adj.有意义的, 重大的, 重要的' f7 j% G9 W7 e
27 The one American city which is represented here has recorded gains in urban population growth; however, New York’s population growth rate is extremely moderate when put alongside those of the other three cities as reflected in these two graphs.
gain(s)
n.财物的增加, 财富的获取, 利润, 腰槽, 收获
alongside+ F" z4 i9 ]5 Q4 F1 y/ ]: _3 {
adv.在旁 prep.横靠! M8 J8 a3 x  z6 o& e' D
28 China’s two most prestigious cities, Shanghai and Beijing, have undergone rapid growth surges in population according to the graphs.- q1 F& o: a* k! d* l7 h$ P% Y
prestigious0 x; E( n7 I" j. X$ m, A
adj.享有声望的, 声望很高的
surge(s)1 }2 W) L: D0 P+ i( H  M2 M
n.巨涌, 汹涌, 澎湃
29 In 1990 the urban population of these cities hovered around the five million mark with the number of Shanghai’s inhabitants slightly surpassing that of Beijing’s.1 A' q! c9 A6 t# L+ O3 s, F1 x
hover
v.盘旋
surpassing
adj.超过的4 N0 B' b1 {, i# O3 v
surpass
vt.超越, 胜过
inhabitant(s)
n.居民, 居住者  Z0 k% p4 T( H0 o5 [$ r# v
inhabitation
n.居住,有人居住的状态4 p( k. a8 w) g
exceed
vt.超越, 胜过
vi.超过其他
overrun
n.泛滥成灾, 超出限度 vt.蹂躏, 超过, 泛滥
preponderate
vi.以重量胜过, 占优势, 超过, 胜过
preponderate over
v.超过# ?4 n% c. g# I
be leading in the race for… 在……方面领先
30 Nowadays, the figures are quite different
$ M" D& o" I. {with Beijing’s urban population6 a8 _, R" O6 r

. U9 R0 u/ Q; Z/ J8 N8 x; estanding at a staggering twenty nine million, almost ten million more people than the number presently residing in Shanghai.
staggering; z4 w7 s# l( C% ~  c
adj.蹒跚的, 摇晃的, 另人惊愕的
reside
vi.居住
31 Mumbai was leading in the race for…in 1990 with almost ten million inhabitants. However, it has fallen behind the current leader, Beijing, with a population of twenty four million being recorded in 2004.
' u; W1 [$ g8 P! O) c) J5 V7 G
All human wisdom is summed up in two words: wait and hope. ( ]* A- i* G1 j/ t# |3 b2 d

——Alexandre Dumas Pere

Equal 作为动词使用6 M" M7 W0 S3 P4 R5 M. d9 @3 }
Be equivalent to 形容词组形式

作者: 482699 时间: 2009-2-5 09:13

谢谢！. s: U5 W* P( ? i
PS：希望不是插楼...